Analysis Of Shakespeare s Othello - 1567 Words

WOMEN’S ROLE IN SOCIETY: DISECTING THE MISOGONY IN SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO Judging Othello from a self-proclaimed feminist Audre Lorde’s perspective allows the reader to see the double standards women faced in the Elizabethan society. Today our society assigns gender roles to children from birth. From the baby dolls needing care and EZ Bake Oven toys, little girls are encouraged at an early onset to lead domesticated lives. Boys on the other hand, are given cars and action figures that can take rough-housing because this is considered the type of behavior that was expected of them. Although gender roles are still a part of our society, we have made great progress from where our society was hundreds of years ago. Elizabethan era gender roles were established early on and were made clear. Having little to no control over their destiny, it was normally a father’s responsibility (or another male figure) to decide when and to whom his daughter would marry. A woman’s place was at home taking care of the family. To reinforce this, as children women were trained in the ways of home life so when they finally married they would know their role. Shakespeare’s Othello illustrates Lorde’s argument that women are among the group of people Western history has conditioned to view their differences as binary opposites: â€Å"dominant/subordinate, good/bad, up/down, superior/inferior† (Lorde 845) where men are considered to be â€Å"dominant/superior† and women the subordinate/inferior. Through anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Othello by Shakespeare Shakespeare is known for his use of recurring themes throughout his work, including love, death and betrayal. These themes are present in his work of Othello. However, the most fundamental issue is jealousy. The lives of the characthers in Othello are ruined by jealousy from the beginning to the end of the play. The telling of the story is carried out by passion, jealousy, and death. Shakespeare’s Othello reveals devastating tragic inevitability, stunning psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 913 Words   |  4 Pageshave to explain themselves and their actions to their possessions.One of the examples of women s role is given by Shakespeare In act 3 of Othello,when Iago’s wife Emilia says, â€Å"I know nothing but to please his fantasy†(3.3.299). From the beginning of the play women s role is clearly shown as being a commodity , a thing of ownership. Even when Iago in hopes of causing trouble for Othello wakes up Brabantio he refers to Desdemona as a possession rather than a person, ‘Zounds, sir, youRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1447 Words   |  6 PagesHaimon and Iago This is a story of two men, from two very different walks of life. Their names – Iago and Haimon. Iago being the older of the two, a seasoned soldier and right hand man to general Othello of Venice, was known for his â€Å"honesty† and â€Å"wisdom†. The younger, Prince Haimon son of King Creon, wise beyond his years, highly compassionate, and active. One man used his mind for positive purposes, and the other for negative. The differences in these characters and their actions, show thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 902 Words   |  4 PagesManga Shakespeare is able to properly convey Shakespeare’s original story and language through its use of images, original text, and speech bubbles. The manga’s use of different speech bubbles conveys the intended language and emotions of Othello, as if it is being preformed rather than if it is simply read, thus putting forth a product that accurately depicts Othello in a similar fashion to wh ich the play originally was intended to be viewed. One of the ways Shakespeare’s language is conveyedRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello s Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pages Racist Ideology As Seen In Othello As a writer, William Shakespeare possessed an uncanny ability to address topics that were, for the most part, unnoticed in society. Every one of his characters feels realistic because they are so complex and based on psychological motivations. When Shakespeare’s Othello was first written, there was undoubtedly a complicated relationship between white English citizens and so called â€Å"foreigners†. However, society’s inability to understand or accept different culturesRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello, By William Shakespeare1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhen pairs of texts are considered together, their universal themes and ideas lead to greater understanding, appreciation and insight of both the old and the new. The texts Othello, William Shakespeare (1600) and Othello, Geoffrey Sax (2001), ring true for this statement. Despite the differing contexts and ages, the universal themes of racism and betrayal bring new meaning to each of the texts. The primary meaning from the juxtaposition of the two is that of the human condition, and how the problemsRead MoreAnalysis of William Shakespeare ´s Othello737 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello, a play by William Shakespeare, was written in the early 1600’s. If Othello was written in a different time, 21st century America, the view of people of different genders and races would differ, women would be held to a more equal social standard and the issue of Othello being black, wouldn’t be as prominent when he marries Desdemona. This play was written in a time where it was essential to follow cultural values. During this time women were expected to respect all maleRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello889 Words   |  4 Pagessaw as issues in their respective cultures and societies. William Shakespeare in one of his most famous plays Othello lies out a problem which he thought was pertinent enough for him to deal with directly, that is the problem of race. Othello was a Moor, a man of African descent who was put in a hostile situation by being put in Venice a primarily white society. The role of race in Othello and the kind of language used by Shakespeare throughout the play point towards Othello’s race and how othersRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello1603 Words   |  7 PagesMAJOR WORKS REVIEW GENERAL 1. Title - Othello 2. Author - William Shakespeare 3. Date of Original Publication - 1622 4. Novel Type - Play STRUCTURE 1. Point of View - Iago 2. Relationship to meaning: The reader sees things the way that Iago sees them. This gives the reader an inside look on Iago’s evil plans, which also leads to a better understanding of all of the other characters, but Iago especially. The reader sees how Iago manipulates so many of the characters, like Roderigo and MontanoRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello 992 Words   |  4 PagesElleana Morrison Professor Connor Shakespeare 340 Midterm Paper, Prompt 5 7 April 2016 A Black Iago Othello is, in the opinion of many, one of Shakespeare’s most prolific plays. It broke the mold by assigning the lead protagonist role to a black man, and the central love story is of that between this older black man and a young white woman. Othello has perhaps the most wicked- and likable- villain in all of Shakespeare’s work. It has love- both fulfilled and unrequited, family conflict, rebelling

Why Shouldn’t We Lower the Blood Alcohol Rate Essay

Why Shouldn’t We Lower the Blood Alcohol Rate? It is a tragic truth: About 10,000 lives are lost in the United States because of drunk driving each year. Alcohol is wildly known as one of the main reasons of causing social security issue. Small amount can make people feel relaxed, but bigger amount could make them loss their coordination, get feeling of confusion and disorientation, and significantly slowed their reaction time. On average, one person dies every hour because of alcoholic traffic accident in United State. Therefore, the NTSB put out a recommendation last May that the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) level for drivers should be lowered from the current level of .08% to .05%. But for several reasons, we shouldn’t lower the†¦show more content†¦This is in addition to the effect this trend has already had on the food, beverage, bar and restaurant industry. The road to hell is paved with good intentions, and while the intention of these laws is to sa ve people’s lives, the implementation can and does cause problems. More important, this law probably won’t do much to reduce drunken driving accident. According to NTSB cites’ statistics, only 8 % of all drivers between .05 to .08 BAC involved in fatal accidents. And that number doesnt even report whether alcoholic impairment caused the accident. NTSB says that .05 is reasonable because driving performance would be affected before a driver reaches .08. That is definitely correct. But plenty of factors could influence driving performance. Medications, electronic distractions, lost sleep, and missed meals could all be the factors of causing accident. Drivers whose BAC is between .01 and .08 is only 5 percent of all highway deaths. The agency predicts that a driver with .05 BAC is 38 percent more likely to crash than the driver who is clear-headed. 38 percent sounds like a lot, but is it really worth to cost that much money and resources to prevent it? Law enforcem ent never comes free, and the government’s resources are limited. Shouldn’t government spend their limited resources on other worthyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol And Drugs On Society Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol’s importance in our social history is sufficiently great. Even more significant is the abuse of alcohol and how alcohol has affected modern society. For several decades, alcohol and drugs has been a major problem in our society. Not only has the drug problem increased but also drug related problems are rising day by day. There is no crime in the world that kills teenagers more than alcohol does. Those substances affect the body in many ways. As they say, anything that anyone gets addicted toRead MorePersuasive Essay On Underage Drinking1515 Words   |  7 PagesAlmost everyone can agree that alcohol should not be given or allowed to children or young adults under a certain age. Alcohol is a substance that is very dangerous and if you used incorrectly or immaturely the consequences can be great danger to the users or the ones around them. The topic of lowering the drinking age has been in discussion for many decades. â€Å"Between 1970 and 1976, 29 states lowered their age for drinking alcohol. The results were catastrophic. Highway deaths among teenagers andRead MoreHow Drinking Alcohol Affects the Brain Essay example1713 Words   |  7 Pages The topic I chose for my essay is how alcohol can affect the brain. I used Google and Bing as my research database. Initially I found a lot of information on drinking alcohol, but that covered every aspect of it. I wanted to incorporate as much information that I had found on drinking alcohol as I could. From drinking and driving, how people think when they are under the influence, to how alcohol affects the brain. I wanted to make sure I touched base with everything I had learnedRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Should Be Legal1983 Words   |  8 Pagescould drink a little alcohol when they were only 18 years old? Many people believe that if we allow drinking at younger ages such as 18 or 19 it would get rid of the â€Å"forbidden fruit† effect on alcohol. This is a way of thinking for fools about the problem of legal age of alcohol consumption. The reasons why we shouldn’t change the drinking age to 18 are it damages brain development and it causes more social problems. This problem came about soon after the Prohibition on alcohol was repealed in 1933Read MorePet Theft Is A Sad Reality977 Words   |  4 PagesPets are one of the most time-honored home security systems ever conceived, but as pet owners we know it’s our responsibility to protect our furry family members from every bad thing that could potentially happen. But as every great pet owner knows – preventing the bad things from happening is easier said than done! Keeping your pets safe while you are away from home can be an extremely challenging matter. If you have never experienced life with a pet in your home, you need to know that PETS HAVERead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbody’s fat, liver and muscle cells don’t respond normally to insulin so blood sugar can’t be stored for energy. The cause is a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Some cases include toxins from plastics. Type 2 occurs gradually with most cases of people who are overweight. When you’re overweight the fat interferes with your body’s capability to use insulin. If sugar can’t enter the cells, sugar builds up in the blood causing hyperglycemia. Other serious problems stemming from diabetesRead MoreEssay about P1 Public Health Strategies in the Uk and Their Origins.7669 Words   |  31 Pagescheck up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a fre e midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -IdentifyingRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered2353 Words   |  10 PagesDrinking Age Over the years the drinking age or the drinking laws have been questioned and changed many times. For a few years now more recently question being, should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen? Or why shouldn’t it? In the United States, binge drinking has been a big problem. Its one of the top causes for traffic tragedies as well as other health issues that come along with it, especially among college students. However since the drinking age has changed from being 18 to 21 thereRead MoreThe National Drinking Age Research Paper2214 Words   |  9 Pagescharacterized as being an adult (legally and socially), one of the rights that should come along with that is drinking alcohol. Also, that if we were to lower the drinking age, less young adults would be inclined to consume alcohol because it would decrease the thrill of breaking the law. On the opposite side, people who want to keep the drinking age at 21 point out that there will be fewer alcohol-related injuries and fatali ties in both health conditions and motor vehicle accidents. Additionally, they stateRead MoreFailed Weight Loss Of Bariatric Surgery Essay2340 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"I think I may go out on the town today and see what kind of fun things I can do.† Mommy look at that fat girl, fat people shouldn’t be allowed out, quack quack waddle fat girl, hey shamu go back to the water. These are some of the things that I have endured and heard on a day-to-day when going out in public as an obese individual. Like myself, a lot of other obese individuals have embarked on many failed weight loss attempts only to gain instead of lose weight. Bariatric Surgery is a great lifelong

Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Essay Example For Students

Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Essay Einsteinwrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged byHungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and EdwardTeller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purifyUranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly afterthat the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effortto develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. The firstsuccessful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carriedout in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute inBerlin(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the racewas on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Projectthe most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build anatomic bomb.(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest developmentin warfare and sciences biggest development this century. The mostcomplicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on theManhattan Project was the production of ample amounts of enricheduranium to sustain a chain reaction.(Outlaw 2) At the time,Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, thefissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare,occurring in Ura nium at a ratio of 1 to 139.(Szasz 15) Separating theone part Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be achallenge. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the twoisotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235from U-238.(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved thisdifficult problem. A massive enrichment laboratory/plant(Outlaw 2)was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, andcolleagues at Columbia University designed a system that worked onthe principle of gaseous diffusion.(2) After this process wascompleted, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at theUniversity of California in Berkeley implemented a process involvingmagnetic separation of the two isotopes.(2) Finally, a gas centrifugewas used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. TheUranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than theUranium-235. In this manner uranium-235 was enriched from its normal0.7% to weapons grad e of more than 90%.(Grolier 5) This Uranium wasthen transported to the Los Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.(Grolier 5) Oppenheimer was the major forcebehind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to itthat all of the great minds working on this project made theirbrainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception toits completion.(Outlaw 3) Once the purified Uranium reached NewMexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. Two pieces of U-235, individually not large enough to sustain a chainreaction, were brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form asupercritical mass that exploded instantaneously.(Grolier 5) It wasoriginally nicknamed Thin Man'(after Roosevelt, but later renamedLittle Boy (for nobody) when technical changes shortened theproposed gun barrel.(Szasz 25) The scientists were so confident thatthe gun-type atomic bomb would work no test was conducted, and it wasfirst employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6,1945.(Grolier 5) Before the Uranium-235 Little Boy bomb had beendeveloped to the point of seeming assured of success,(Grolier 5)another bomb was proposed. The Uranium-238 that had been earlier ruledout as an option was being looked at. It could capture a free neutronwithout fissioning and become Uranium-239. But the Uranium-239 thusproduced is unstable (radioactive) and decays first to neptunium-239and then to plutonium-239.(Grolier 5) This proved to be usefulbeca use the newly created plutonium-239 is fissionable and it can beseparated from uranium by chemical techniques,(6) which would be farsimpler than the physical processes to separate the Uranium-235 fromthe Uranium-238. Once again the University of Chicago, under EnricoFermis direction built the first reactor. This led to theconstruction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 wasirradiated with neutrons and transmuted into plutonium.(6) Theplutonium was sent to Los Alamos. The problem to overcome in thedevelopment of the plutonium bomb was an isotope of plutonium. Thescientists feared this isotope would cause premature detonation andmost of the plutonium would blow apart before it could all fission. .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .postImageUrl , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:hover , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:visited , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:active { border:0!important; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:active , .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061 .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u752c2734f3dff3f6f427c9563b808061:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comic spirit and Bringing Down the House EssayTo overcome this so-called defect of nature, the plutonium had tobe brought into a supercritical mass far faster than conventionalballistics could achieve.(Grolier 6) Physicist Seth Neddermeyer andmathematician John von Neumann devised the theory of implosion. Asubcritical sphere of plutonium was surrounded by chemicalhigh-explosives. The 5,300 pounds of explosives were all carefullyshaped as lenses. When these were detonated, they focused the blastwave so as to compress the plutonium instantly into a supercriticalmass.(Szasz 25) This was much more complex, and many people doubtedthat it would work. There was a debate at Los A lamos about whether totest the new plutonium implosion bomb before it was actuallydropped. Harvard explosives expert George B. Kistiakowsky andOppenheimer both argued for such a test, but initially Groves wasopposed. He was afraid that if the test failed, the precious plutoniumwould be scattered all across the countryside.(Szasz 26) BrigadierGeneral Leslie R. Groves, the man the army placed in charge, waseventually persuaded. Hanfords plutonium production was increasingfast enough so that a test would cause little delay in time. Theyfeared that if they dropped the untested plutonium bomb and it failedto work, the enemy would find themselves owners of a gift atomicweapon.(Szasz 26) The final agreement for the test was that the bombwould be placed in a gigantic, 214-ton, cylinder-shaped tank (calledJumbo).(Szasz 26) If the plutonium correctly fissioned, the tankwould be vaporized. If it did not work correctly, the conventionalexplosives would be contained in the tank and the plutonium would stayin the tank. After further development of the implosion design andfears that Jumbo would dramatically distort all their complicatedinstrumentation-the raison dtre for the test,(Szasz 36) theworlds largest pressure tank was not used. On Monday, July 16, 1945,at 5:29:45 A.M., Mountain War Time, the plutonium bomb ignited at theTrinity site, a remote site in the New Mexico desert. The explosioncreated s brilliant flash that was seen in three states.(Szasz 83)There were many reports from civilians from all over that describedthe experience. People who saw it said it looked like the sun hadrisen for a few minutes and then went back down. Others thought theyhad seen a large plane or meteor crash. A sheep herder who was layingsleeping on a cot fifteen miles away was blown off. The SmithsonianObservatory on Burro Mountain confirmed a shock but noted that thevibrations were unlike any earthquake ever recorded.(Szasz 84) Aneight year-old boy was awakened and ran for his Methodist p arents, andthey considered if this might be the end of the world. The mostpowerful statement that has been cited in practically every coverageof the atomic bomb is Georgia Greens experience. She was being drivento Albuquerque. What was that? she asked her brother-in-law, who wasdriving. This was very unusual because Georgia Green was blind. Brigadier General Farrell wrote a letter for the Secretary of War. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurredbefore . . . Thirty seconds after the explosion came, first, the airblast pressing hard against people and things, to be followed almostimmediately by the strong, sustained, awesome roar which warned ofdoomsday and made us feel that we puny things were blasphemous to daretamper with forces heretofore reserved to the Almighty. Words areinadequate tools for the job of acquainting those not present with thephysical, mental and psychological effects.(Groueff 355) Uponwitnessing the explosion, reactions among the bombs creators weremixed. Their mission had been successfully accomplished, however, theyquestioned whether the equilibrium in nature had been upset as ifhumankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited.(Outlaw 3)Oppenheimer was ecstatic about the success of the bomb, but quoted afragment from Bhagavad Gita. I am become Death, the destroyer ofworlds. Many people who were involved in the creation of the atomi cbomb signed petitions against dropping the bomb. The atomic bomb hasbeen used twice in warfare. The Uranium bomb nicknamed Little Boy,which weighed over 4.5 tons, was dropped over Hiroshima on August 6,1945. At 0815 hours the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missedGround Zero at 1,980 feet by only 600 feet. At 0816 hours, in theflash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people wereinjured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.(Outlaw 4) See blast rangesdiagram Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima on August 9,1945. The plutonium bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on the city. Itmissed its intended target by over one and a half miles. Nagasakispopulation dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That blast was less than 10kilotons as well. Physicists who have studied the atomic explosionsconclude that the bombs utilized only 0.1% of their respectiveexplosive capabilities.(Outlaw 4) Controversy still exists a boutdropping the two atomic bombs on Japan. Arguments defending theJapanese claim the atomic bomb did not win the war in the Pacific; atbest, it hastened Japanese acceptance of a defeat that was viewed asinevitable.(Grolier 8) Other arguments state that the United Statesshould have warned the Japanese, or that we should have invited themto a public demonstration. In retrospect that U.S. use of the atomicbomb may have been the first act of the cold war.(Grolier 8) On theother side, advocates claimed that the invasion of the Japaneseislands could and would result in over one million military casualtiesplus the civilian losses based on previous invasions of Japaneseoccupied islands.

Latan and Darleys cognitive model Essay Example

Latan and Darleys cognitive model Paper According to Piliavin, there are two major influences on Bystander intervention, the first is arousal, the response to the need or distress of others; this is the basic motivational construct. This component suggests that the bystander feels discomfort and seeks to reduce this by intervention. This component differs from Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys model as it moves away from cognitive processes. The second component, cost-reward, is similar to the decision model as it introduces cognition. In this section the Bystander determines the costs and rewards of intervening or remaining uninvolved. This is similar to stage 3 in the decision model whereby the Bystander decides whether to assume personal responsibility. The idea that the Bystander will choose the response that most rapidly reduces the discomfort produced by arousal is supported by Dovidio et al. 1991. (Gross 2001) Another factor in explaining why bystanders choose not to intervene that can be applied to both theories is the cost of time. This was shown in a content analysis of answers given in response to five written traffic accident scenarios (Bierhoff et al. 1987) (Montada Bierhoff 1991). People who have demanding lives find waiting frustrating, this is why the willingness to sacrifice time for a person in need can be seen as generous (time is money: Bierhoff Klein, 1988) (Gross 2001). The most frequently mentioned motives for helping were; enhancement of self esteem and moral obligation. These motives are clearly demonstrated in Piliavins model within the cost-reward component. We will write a custom essay sample on Latan and Darleys cognitive model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Latan and Darleys cognitive model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Latan and Darleys cognitive model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One fundamental difference between Piliavin et al.s (1969, 1981) Arousal-Cost-Reward model and Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys (1970) Cognitive model is the structure. Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley focused on a stage-by-stage procedure to determine whether help would be given; this model suggests that bystander intervention would not occur unless all five stages are completed. However, Piliavin et al. focused specifically on two main components to explain bystander behaviour. A similarity between the structures is the cause and effect relationship, in both the cognitive and the arousal-cost-reward model the preceding stages/components affected the outcome and therefore determined whether intervention occurred. One theory that connects both Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.s Arousal-Cost-Reward model is Sherifs (1935) Autokinetic Paradigm; a study in which Sherif used this optical illusion to determine participants reactions when asked to say how far the light was moving. Results showed that 100% of participants changed their answers when put in groups with confederates. This, it has been suggested, is similar to the nature of an emergency as both situations involve uncertainty, ambiguity and a lack of structure in terms of a proper basis for judgement or action. Therefore it could be assumed that in both cases the individual will look to others for guidance on how to think and act. This has been shown in Latan and Rodins (1969) experiment (Latan Nida 1981) and also in the case study of Kitty Genovese case (1964) (Gross 2001). Research has found that not only does the influence of others determine Bystander Behaviour; gender is also seen to have an effect on Bystander intervention. In terms of the arousal-cost component of Piliavins model, research has suggested that women help only certain people in certain ways (Eagly Crowley 1986). This could help to explain why some bystanders experience higher levels of arousal than others. The idea of gender could also be applied to Latan and Darleys cognitive model within the final stage in that women may feel more competent in some situations and therefore are more likely to intervene then men. In conclusion, Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys (1970) Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.s Arousal-Cost-Reward model have many similarities between them. They both attempt to explain why bystanders intervene in an emergency by using cognitive processes; they also address the possibility of social influences affecting bystander intervention. However a fundamental difference between them is in the cost-reward component of Piliavins model as it raises the issue of personal gains or costs from intervening whereas Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley only address this briefly within stage three of the decision model. Despite these similar and contrasting ideas both theories have had a huge impact on social psychology and continue to generate research. References: Cardwell, M., Clark, L., Meldrum C. (2001). Psychology for A2 Level. p64. Corsini, R.J. (1999) The Dictionary of Psychology. p133. Eagly, A and Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and Helping Behaviour: A meta analysis review of the social psychology literature. Psychological Bulletin, vol 100, no 3, p284. Gross, R. (2001). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (Fourth Edition). pp434-438.