Saturday, August 31, 2019

Life Goals Essay

Thomas Carlyle once said, â€Å"Go as far as you can see, and when you get there you will see farther. † I strongly believe that if one plans on achieving his aspirations, setting goals is a very important step. Having goals not only gives you a clear focus on things,but it also helps you to organize your plans by allowing you to give yourself time limits and boundaries. That is why I try to set goals for myself routinely, whether it is just for one day, or for the rest of my life. One goal that I work hard at daily is to do well in high school.I try to involve myself in any activity that I can, both academically and socially, so that I can graduate with honors. The reason I do this is because I plan on going to college, and I would like to be able to get accepted into any school that I apply to. Going to college alone would be a major achievement for my family and I, because I will be the first person in my family to attend college. Another goal I have is to get a college deg ree in Criminal Justice. I plan to take my four years of college and get into the police enforcement.I plan to get good grades throughout my college career. I think I'm going to stay in the Portland area when I’m applying for a job as a police officer. I plan to achieve this by not giving up. The first thing my mom tells me is to set my mind to something, never give up and it may take time but you will get there. My goals are very important to reach because without them, my life goals will not come true. Immediately after I graduate, I want to start my career as police officer/investigator.You must have an accredited four-year college or university degree to get into FBI. By age 25, after gaining some experience as a policeman, I would like to make a career switch to become an FBI agent. This is because being an FBI agent has been a dream of mine since I was younger. And to be good at what I do, I need some familiarity in that line of work, among other things. After becoming settled into my second career, I would like to begin a family. By this time, I plan on already being married to my current girlfriend, and have my first child.I will also be ready to buy my first car, and then, my first home. My intentions are to live in Oregon. Before I turn fifty, one of my major goals is to start a private investigator business. My children will be put through college and out of my house, and my wife and I will be on our way to retirement, after we sell our business. By then, I plan on being very stable, if not rich. Either way, I will be able to donate money and give back to my community what they have given to me.I also plan on adopting or fostering children after my own kids move out. I see my goals as tangible, and they are well within my reach if I stretch my arms to touch them. I work hard for these things not only to make a good life for myself, but to make a wonderful life for my future children. Setting goals for myself prevents me from becoming sidetrac ked, and it allows me to push harder and further for my aspirations. If I maintain my focus, nothing will ever defer my dreams.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Seven Steps to Project Planning

Seven Steps of Project Planning April Willochell Project Management Every project is an opportunity to produce something new, to make a real difference. You can introduce change, increase productivity, enhance capabilities of your company or of a client or build new relationships. Seven steps are essential to success in organizations that simultaneously manage multiple initiatives. Effectiveness begins with good pre-project planning plus an understanding of what a project is and what can be at stake. Consistently following these seven key steps can directly improve a company’s operations, profitability and sanity.The first step is a setting goals phase. â€Å"During this stage the teams responsible for the project are assigned and a brief is provided containing information on what the project hopes to achieve and what approach will be taken to complete various actions required. Additionally, this stage usually leads to the appointed of a project manager and executive in charg e who with the help of the team start to plan the next step. † (7 Steps, 2013) In this stage all stakeholders should state their needs and how they would like them to be fulfilled.Ultimately, this is the goal setting phase. The next step would be initiating the process. This means that a team would be assembled and the overall project is outlined to detailed specifications. This includes strategic planning, like how long the project will take, how many steps will take place, and what tools will be needed to execute the project. Deciding how the project will be controlled is the third step. This step is also called directing the project. This means that the organization that is controlling the project is defined.Also, all organizations within the company that will be involved are determined. This part of the planning process will determine who receives reports and makes final decisions in the planning process. â€Å"This step is about developing a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS ) that identifies the low-level tasks and activities required for doing project work and producing the deliverables. The WBS is a critical piece of the project planning process because it defines how tasks will be structured and what dependencies will be created. It is also used for setting up urations, task assignments, resource requirements, and cost estimates. † (The Planning Process, 2013) The control stage is the fourth stage. â€Å"You must develop a project strategy that follows the mission and outlines the high-level actions for implementing the project objectives. You must develop a project strategy that follows the mission and outlines the high-level actions for implementing the project objectives. † (The Planning Process, 2013) This process will let the team know who will need to sign off for what processes in the project.This stage will also let the team know where potential problems may arise and if they do how they should be dealt with. This stage is very important in the planning process. The fifth stage of project planning is setting up boundaries for each stage of the project. This is basically setting up deadlines for each stage of the project. If a stage is not met, there also needs to be backup plan on how the plan will play out in this event. This stage also determines how each stage will close and the steps following that closing. â€Å"The penultimate stage is the management of product delivery.In this step the project manager works with team managers to ensure that a set of formal requirements are created for every piece of work contained in the project. Essentially if this is done correctly all of the work should be delivered on time and to a suitable standard. † (7 Steps, 2013) This sixth stage is to make sure that all paperwork is in order, the project and its product follow all regulations, and all parts are in working order. This is basically, a quality control stage. The seventh and final stage is the closing s tage.This step is the risk management assessment part of the planning process. Project managers and their teams must identify all the risks in their project and discuss the alternatives. The plan will be reviewed, discussed, and any potential changes will be made. Once all seven steps are followed accurately a project plan should be planned perfectly and executed just as well. Resources 7 Steps to Project Planning. Retrieved on January 17, 2013 from http://EzineArticles. com/4767743 The Planning Process. Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from

News article analysis Organizational theory

The article by Dr. Kathy Iversen- a business consultant- provides a lot of insight into practical application of organizational theories in management. The article features Starbucks an American based company coffeehouse company which has over 15,000 chain stores in more than 40 countries. The article focuses on Starbucks rehiring of former CEO after a downward trend due to what he terms as â€Å"†¦myopic focus on operational effectiveness led by new, post-founder management began to negatively impact the customer experience.† (Iversen, 2008,  ¶3). The author compares Starbucks fate with Apple, Swarbs and Dell transformation after the later companies effectively applied tools and systems in the organization that boosted innovation and profitability. The following are three fundamental issues focused in the report in relation to implementation of a good and effective organizational structure that could transform Starbuck’s trend to a profitable path. The organizational structure should apply systems and models that are dynamic thus are able to change with the corporate world for the business to remain profitable. A good organizational model should have effective channel of communication, feedback mechanism and facilitate good response and decision making process. The organizational culture and work environment models should facilitate optimal performance by ensuring that employee capabilities are properly utilized and encourage responsibility and innovation in the workplace. Dynamism in the corporate world. The corporate sector in modern times is subject to perpetual change therefore, organizational models adopted should accommodate this change in their organization by putting in place relevant tools to prepare it for this eventuality. External environment analysis focusing on customer, competitors changing trends and adoption of new marketing strategies are vital to ensure that the company remains relevant thus profitable. The author gives an example of Apple which changed to music enjoyment instead of computing to recapture its market and future profitability (Iversen, 2008). This shows how effective a good which focuses on investing in new fields can help a company reinvent itself into profitability path. Bureaucratic organizational model tend to focus on cost cutting rather than adoption to the innovation, for a company such as Starbucks given its level of maturity, implementing models that focus on new ideas would be the most appropriate in a move to reclaim its lost glory (Daft, 2001 pg. 107) Effective communication in Organizational Models. Effective communication is one of the most important elements in establishing an organizational model. There are two main distinction namely formal communications which is utilized in big established diverse companies and informal communication channels which lead to open interactive dialogue both horizontally and vertically in the organization. The advantages of the later is that it will help facilitate free flow of information thus for analysis of the market, an element which is essential for most businesses. In addition informal means of communication works best in volatile and uncertain environments such as the one which Starbuck’s is facing thus if correctly implemented can lead to quick response and decision making (Daft, 2001, pg.14). Organizational culture. According to Daft (2001, pg 30) scholars have pointed out that corporate culture and sound internal processes are key elements in good organizational models to the extent that they promote effective running of the organization. A fluid and flexible structure will encourage constant experimenting and learning thus ensuring better policies, procedures are adopted to ensure dynamism and innovation in the organization. For instance, given the fact that Starbucks is a service oriented company, employee training and empowerment can lead to certain beneficial attributes such as, smoothing the progress of change since they directly interact with the customer thus can be able to get the information needed by management to effect change and enhanced customer relation and satisfaction thus building of clientele and profitability (Iversen, 2008). Conclusion. Though, the author did not explore on the organizational approach and design, the best design proposed in this paper would be a decentralized approach with emphasis on organic systems of organization as opposed to mechanistic/ bureaucratic approach. Firstly, given that Starbucks is a multi national company with coffee houses all over the world. A centralized system will fundamentally inhibit flexibility and restrict decision making process and timely response to customer needs. On the other hand a decentralized approach will encourage each store to make decision based on customer needs, create diversity and promote dynamism and innovation factors that are vital for profitability. However, this approach might lead to loss of control and direction by top management thus leadership skills are essential to ensure that while chains are flexible, the company’s vision, brand name and direction is uniform to ensure sustainability and balanced growth. Secondly, good organic structures ensure that communication is free-flowing, employees are empowered and well motivated and generally the internal processes lead to optimal production hence growth (Daft, 2001, pg 64). There should be both formal and informal channels of communication that are strong and consistent to ensure that management is in control and allow timely information flow in the organization. REFERENCES: Daft, R. (2001) Essentials of Organization Theory and Design. South-Western. Iversen, K. (January, 15th 2008). Brewing a fresh pot at Starbucks. Forbes Magazine. Retrieved March 11th 2008 from http://www.forbes.com/personalfinance/2008/01/15/starbucks-schultz-apple-pf-ii-in_ki_0115soapbox_inl.html   

Thursday, August 29, 2019

INTERNET MARKETING CAMPAIGN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERNET MARKETING CAMPAIGN - Assignment Example Due to budgetary constraints, around will be used for the activity (Pro Plan, 2015). Message strategy: Purina Pro plans dog food is the best meal people can purchase for their dogs. The meal does not only make your dogs feel healthy, but also leaves them more energetic and free from diseases. The food has received numerous honors in trade fairs held in more than ten countries. Most of our customers have called to express their gratitude about the quality of the product (Pro Plan, 2015). Media strategy: Purina pro plan dog will be in most social media platforms that exist on the internet. Some of the social-media include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram among many others. The Web developers will have to develop popup messages that will be on the social media sites. Online visitors will have a chance to follow links that will be so that they can visit the website of the company (Pro Plan, 2015). The web page may designed by taking into consideration the cost and the needs of the company and those of the customer. The web page should be users friendly; it should sell the company easily. The web page below present variety types of dog meals that customers can buy at an affordable price. It aims to create awareness among new and existing customers. It also focuses to stimulate market demand as discussed. The target market for the Internet Marketing tool is the dog owners who usually visit the internet to search food for their dogs. Many markets have been established with the advent of the internet. It has opened new markets across the world markets. Numerous opportunities exist for the platform because some of the markets are yet to be. With the possibility of customers purchasing goods and services from any point in the world, the internet has become the ideal advertisement tool for most organizations. Curious customers spend their time on the internet searching for quality products. The method

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Rent and Urban Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rent and Urban Economics - Essay Example According to this theory, there are factors which constitute the differences in locations and it includes localized materials, amenities and transport cost (Answers.com). Von Thnen posits that transportation costs constitutes or consumes Ricardo's economic rent that's why "because these transportation costs and, of course, economic rents, vary across goods, different land uses and use intensities will result with distance from the marketplace". In the table we observed differences in rates across the different locations. The theory suggests that part of this difference is accrued to the transportation cost. Real Estates including residential areas near the industrial and commercial districts are priced higher than those which are farther. This is explained by the differences in transportation cost as the former requiring minimal time, effort and financial costs in travelling. We expect that the commercial districts house the necessaries that consumers usually go to such as the office, schools, groceries, malls, shops and others. In this theory, the West End is obviously in the advantage against the City, making its rent prices higher. The difference in prices is necessary as can be explained by the simple law of supply and demand. If the rent prices are the same with the West End and the City, there will be shortage of space in the West End resulting to overcrowding while none will stay in the City. In the presence of excess demand, the owners of land will be able to increase the price, thereby creating a disparity between the West End and the City price. Simply put, the law of demand will work for the land owners, maintaining the price differences between the two locations. Amenities are also better in the West End than the City. Being the centre of industry and commerce, amenities will be located in the cities making it more attractive and nearer to residence in the West End. This adds convenience to those who are in this place, thus it has to be compensated by a higher price. Von Thnen also mentioned the difference in land use and intensity causing differences in prices (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Since the land in the West end is mainly used for commercial purposes, where tenants expect a higher return than in the City, land prices can be increased. Von Thnen also mentioned the importance of centrality in pricing, saying that "it was density of population increasing the profitability of commerce and providing for the division and specialization of labour that commanded higher municipal rents" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.) FLUCTUATING RENTAL RATES The simple law of supply and demand can be used to explain cyclical pattern in rents. Both locations, the City and the West End show fluctuation in rental rates. Some empirical studies have identified reasons for this. We are going to study each factor and relate it to existing economic theories. It has been found that employment growth account for the fluctuations in rental rate (Robert H. Edelstein). Accordingly, employment growth affects per capita income in a positive direction. With income being a determinant of demand, high employment growth will cause high demand for housing and land. With the increased capacity to purchase, over-all demand for space will be increased thereby increasing the prices of houses, offices and lands. This is observed at the time in 1973 and 1974, in 1987-1990, 2000-20001, and 2007-2008 in

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Jewish Funeral Anthropological Research Paper Essay

Jewish Funeral Anthropological Research Paper - Essay Example For them, since we are all created in the image of God, life should be all about infinite value, â€Å"regardless of its duration of quality†. Anything that expedites the death of a person or shortens a human life is absolutely a violation to this duty1. The other end in a Jewish life continuum is that of death. As they safeguard life with supreme care, they also take death with valuable commitment in maintaining their duty of sanctity even in this difficult time. Death in a Jewish community is embraced with intricate ceremonies lasting for a period of time. The seemingly simplistic process of Christian death and its acceptance remarkably differs from the extremely complex process by which this community responds to the same social experience. Contrary to Christian communities’ ritual regarding death, Jewish communities give surety that rituals be carried out in accordance to Judaism religious beliefs which is always to set an example of holiness and ethical behavior to the world. Thus, whether in life or in death, the presence of a community epitomizing the Jewish â€Å"covenant relationship† with God is of prime importance. To honor the dead (kvod hamet), it must be buried at a shortest time possible regardless if a family member is not present to attend its burial. Anything that prolongs the physical body to remain above ground is considered â€Å"disrespectful and undignified† and â€Å"humiliation of the dead† (Khara, 2009). Moreover, it is necessary that the dead person must never be left alone from the moment he is considered dead until the time he is completely buried. Doing so is an apparent gesture of rendering utmost respect for the departed (mitzvah). From the moment a Jew dies, a synagogue will make the necessary arrangement for the whole ritual process. When a community is well organized, the services of a sacred burial society or Chevra Kaddisha are acquired in preparation for the burial of the body. It is a rule that in the

Monday, August 26, 2019

Language Aquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language Aquisition - Essay Example The process further advances to a stage where a child learns language agreement rule. For instance, it is through an English agreement rule that a child learns a verb for third-person, singular subjects are added ‘s’. Language acquisition also involves creativity; it is through creativity that children manage to use their derivational rules knowledge in creating novel words. For example, it is through knowledge of derivational rules that a child manages to derive a verb from a noun, â€Å"broom-broom it†, and use it in his utterance, â€Å"I broomed it up† (â€Å"Language Acquisition† 344). Language acquisition is also enhanced by acquaintance of syntactic rules knowledge (â€Å"Language Acquisition† 346). It is the knowledge of the syntactic rule that enables a child to utter complex words. It is also the same knowledge that enables very young children to understand the word-order rules, and as a result, differentiate sentences. The ability of children to put words together is as a result of them developing the ability of relating syntactic and semantic rules. At this stage, children utterance appears telegraphic because of the level of their linguistic capacity. However, this is later solved by the children categorizing and segmenting words through learning their

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Obesity Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Obesity - Dissertation Example Obesity is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as a condition of increased body weight that is caused by an excessive accumulation of fat. Obesity has also been termed the new â€Å"epidemic† in both adults and children. In 1998 the World Health Organization (WHO) designated obesity as a global epidemic (Anrig, 2003). Healthcare professionals can measure the percent of body fat in children by using Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is calculated from a person’s height and weight and provides a reasonable indicator of body fatness and weight categories that may lead to health problems. Establishing healthy habits in youth can help prevent many health problems later on in life which will drastically reduce the costs of healthcare. For this reason many public health professionals are interested in working with school systems to reach children in school settings. If we look back over the past 50 years we can see dramatic changes in the way children play, eat meals, and soc ialize. Today lifestyles are busier but less active. (See table 1 in appendix A). Since 1950, the amount of nutritional information available to the public has roughly doubled every seven years. In the years between 1950 and 2000, â€Å"obesity rose by 214% until today, where 64.5 percent of adult Americans (about 127 million) are categorized as being overweight or obese† (Weiss, n.d.). Even though technology has taken away the need for most physical activity, there must be steps taken to provide cost effective solutions and provide a healthier lifestyle for children that will lead to healthy adults. The good news is that schools nationwide are becoming aware of this epidemic and are working with health professionals by taking steps to provide a healthy lifestyle for children. Schools can play an important role in improving the health of children and the adults they will become. Children generally attend school 5 days a week throughout the calendar year. During childhood and adolescent years habits develop that determine physical activity and eating habits. These health habits will determine the development of such diseases as cardiovascular, cancer and diabetes which are now major causes of premature death and disabilities in the United States and the Western World. Public Health professionals are very interested in funding school based programs that can provide a foundation for lifelong healthy behaviors and greatly reduce the burden of these preventable health conditions for both individuals and society as a whole. There is largely an unmet need for effective school-based programs that promote healthy behaviors. It has not been an easy task engaging these partnerships for many reasons, one being funding. With the embracing of these school based programs by public health professionals, it is imperative that these programs be rigorously evaluated to show effectiveness. To be considered effective these programs must undergo systematic measurement and an alysis using solid research methods and study designs. The Center for Disease Control’

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Furniture Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Furniture Scenerio - Essay Example The sheet is very helpful in ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. An example of this is the data that compares the "benefits cost" among the alternatives. The data shows that indeed, the "broker" option yields the largest savings in wages, which can be very essential information if labor cost is forecasted to continuously increase. On the other hand, if equipment prices will continue to rise, the data will also be helpful in identifying the disadvantage of "hi-tech" and broker options. The Assets, Liabilities and Equity Information basically provide a glimpse on the financial health of the company. Particularly, it tells about the company's liquidity which may allow it to invest in hi-tech equipment or its liabilities record which can guarantee a source of leverage in case the current cash standing is not enough. The Accounts Receivable is also useful in determining possible source of cash in the future, while the equity information gives information into the ownership of shareholders in the company. The budget data and variance analysis helps to distinguish which of the inputs to production needs to be economized and which among these are kept within the budget. Similarly, variance analysis helps keep the cost within the budget. ... ct of interest for Guillermo as he also carries his own brand and his own type of products which are comparable and which may be in direct competition with the products that he distributes for other companies. As was stated, he still has the desire to retain hid high-end customer particularly for his flame retardant and stain resistant furniture, in which only he has the patent. Although, it was stated that the market for this is smaller compared to the finished coating, Guillermo has all the reasons to push more for his product than that of the foreign business partner. The conflict of interest might pose a serious ethical problem in the future which might ruin his relationship with the foreign manufacturer. Being a representative of another company whose product is in competition with your own will definitely affect your loyalty to the company. In fact, it is often a business policy for employees or business partners to avoid conflict of interest, such as Blue Cross' policy of avoiding situations where personal interests can run in contrast to the interest of the company (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois). Conflict of interest, if not resolved, can create impropriety that can undermine confidence in the conflicted individual or organization (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc, 2009). The income information is still the most relevant information especially that it gives the direct comparison of the benefits and costs of each of the alternatives. It reveals specific details such as production capacity, direct costs and indirect costs incurred for every alternative. Looking at the future of the company, this information would be relevant and essential. In the field of Economics, each alternative represents the opportunity cost of the other decision. Comparing the benefits

Friday, August 23, 2019

DOES CONDUCTIING ACADEMIC RESEARCH DIFFER FROM GENERAL RESEARCH HOW Essay

DOES CONDUCTIING ACADEMIC RESEARCH DIFFER FROM GENERAL RESEARCH HOW PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE - Essay Example It uses established scientific fundamentals, which are organized and articulated with scientific research methods to generate new set of truth or information. Results of academic research are published in journals, magazines books and other learning media (National Institute of Public Administration 63-66). On the other hand, general research refers to research that aims to establish facts not necessarily scientific. Although establishment of underlying facts through literature review is essential for general research, it is not as robust as in academic research. For instance, a research aimed investigating the impact of new communication strategies to information utilization in a given organizational set up qualifies as a general research. However, a clinical research aimed at determining the best quantity of drug to administer for a given treatment qualifies as academic research. Although the two types of research may not be clearly distinct, academic research is more scientific based and mostly demands use of scientific research methodologies. General research is less scientific

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Event study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Event study - Essay Example A plausible explanation for these findings is that changes in the optimal dividend and debt levels stem from changes in, expected cash flows, and thus, signal a change in firm value. Efficient Market Hypothesis Researchers have developed a hypothesis known as the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) which states that the market prices reflect all information known to the public. Market react to any new information available in the market immediately as reflected in stock prices rather than gradually adjust it. The term ‘efficient market’ was coined by Eugene Fama in 1965. He described an efficient market as a market where at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. The efficient market prices represent the intrinsic value of the securities. The EMH along with the Random Walk Hypothesis (RW H) flies in the face of Wall Street financial analysts. Financial analysts despise even hearing those terms. This is because these hypotheses suggest that there are no future predictions that can be made about how a market will behave. The suggestion that all the information known about past, present and future events is reflected in the current market prices means that the financial analysts are snake oil salesmen. This is why the EMH is such a controversial hypothesis. Types of Market Efficiency There are three primary categorization of EMH given by Fama (1970) according to the type of information reflected in the stock price – 1. Weak-form efficiency - Share prices reflect all past information and thus, rules out the possibility of predicting future stock prices on the basis of past price data alone. 2. Semi strong-form efficiency - A market is semi strong-form if share prices reflect all the relevant publicly available information. It also includes earnings and dividend a nnouncements, technological breakthroughs, mergers and splits, resignation of directors, and so on. 3. Strong-form efficiency -Market in which share prices reflect not only publicly but also the privately available information. It is assumed that all the information is available to everybody at the same time. Even an insider who has private information about a company cannot earn abnormal profits in strong form of market efficiency. Literature Review Event studies have a long history, including the original stock split event study by Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll (1969). Inconsistent evidence with the efficient market, hypothesis started to accumulate in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Evidence on the post earnings announcement effects (Ball and Brown, 1968, and Jones and Litzenberger, 1970), size effect (Banz, 1981), and earnings yield effect (Basu, 1983) contributed to skepticism for Capital Asset Pricing Model as well as market efficiency. According to the theory of information efficiency, security prices should reflect immediately all information available to the efficient capital market. As positive information and trading cost can be expected, this extreme efficiency hypothesis cannot be held. Fama (1998) in his survey studied the various event studies that intend to validate if the stock prices respond to new information. The events studied include announcements such as earnings surprises, stock splits, dividend, mergers, new

Safety and Medicare Requirements Essay Example for Free

Safety and Medicare Requirements Essay Introduction The first SMART goal is regarding the elevated re-hospitalization rates, and how as a team we can reduce these numbers by 10% within the next six months. I chose this goal because the Medicare requirements are changing for reimbursement rates and we are a non-for profit organization where cutting down on any costs are important for not only our organization but also for our patients. Secondly, the next SMART goal I chose was how we can increase the compliance of incident reports being filled out for patient injuries, falls and infections by 10% within the next 3 months. I chose this SMART goal because this is an area in which we have been falling behind and this is an lack in compliance. Case Managers and Triage Nurses are responsible for making sure these are completed and returned to our managers in a timely manner. Goal 1: Leadership Development The complete Hospice Team; Social worker, CNA, Pastoral Care, Bereavement Services, RN/ Case Manager and Volunteers will all work together to achieve this goal by beginning teaching at time of admission. The Hospice team will all work together in order to make sure that the patient will die comfortably in their home with their family by their side and will do this without returning to the hospital. .We will provide the family with all of the information and support they will need in order to feel comfortable in keeping their loved one at home without returning them to the hospital. They will have access to a nurse 24 hours a day/7 days a week through our Triage line and will be reminded at each visit to use this form of communication in order to prevent re-hospitalization. Peer-Reviewed Articles In the article, Hospital Readmission Rates in Medicare Advantage Plans, this article speaks about the changes that CMS (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services) put into effect this year (2013). The changes are to establish a hospital readmissions reduction program in Medicare, when implemented, the program reduces payments to hospitals based on their readmission rates by 20% and hospital-acquired conditions or adverse events among patients with Medicare by 40%. This was a good article to explain why as a non-for profit organization, we must drop the rehospitalization rates. Credible Websites The website, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, has several tools and articles speaking of how to avoid rehospitalizations. They have materials, documents and tools called, State Action on Avoidable Rehospitalizations or STAAR. This aims to reduce avoidable rehospitalizations and is focused on how to improve transitions of care and how to address systemic barriers to reducing avoidable rehospitalizations. This is helpful and useful information to use for our SMART goal, as it provides a lot of tools we could use in reducing our rehospitalization rates. Informational Expert Amy Suydam RN CPS (Clinical Practice Supervisor) is over the Hospice RN/ Case Managers at our office. Amy and I discussed the SMART goal about rehospitalization rates and how we are going to decrease these rates. Amy agrees with all of the teaching with the family from admission on and making them aware of all the assistance they have available from our services. One thing she also did mention is that we could do more in-services with our staff regarding this and make sure everyone does understand the decline in reimbursement rates that we are receiving at this time compared to the costs to the organization. Summary In searching information regarding the rehospitalization rates and the drop of Medicare reimbursements for those stays, I was surprised to have found there was so much information regarding this and the tools that are out there also to use. My direct supervisor, Amy Suydam RN CPS, was also helpful in bringing up some things not thought of that would assist in the success of our organization in achieving our goal of decreasing rehospitalizations  by 10% within the next 6 months. Amy Suydam RN CPS did not feel this was an unreasonable timeframe and decline to be looking towards. This is something we have discussed many times as our organization is non-for profit and this is very important that we follow through with our teachings and get all the information put out there that we can regarding these changes. Goal 2: Organizational Planning The RN/ Case Managers and Triage Nurses will increase their compliance of filling out incident reports that are being filled out by 10% within the next 3 months. The nurses will fill these out for patient falls, infections and injuries in order to be compliant with our Quality Assurance Goals. Peer-Reviewed Articles In the article, Introducing incident reporting in primary care: a translation from safety science into medical practice, the authors speak of how most reported incidents were ones that caused little or no injury to the patient. They found those providing care were able to deal with these incidents more actively and taking less of their time away from their other work. This explains how important it is to report any and all incidents. This is what the organizational SMART goal pertains to is making sure we are compliant in reporting everything that should be reported. Credible Websites The website that related to the SMART goal is called, Quality and Safety. This website provides useful tools and different ways that may be effective in reporting incidents easier which may in turn provide increased compliance. On this website they say EHR’s are the best way and more people are compliant when using the electronic reporting. Informational Expert Amy Suydam RN, Clinical Practice Supervisor reviewed the SMART goal and while reading through the plan of action, she declines any further recommendations. She feels everything has been covered even compared it to our policy for incident reports for our organization, and found nothing further at this time. Summary In researching the SMART goal of increasing compliance of filling out  incident reports, it is amazing how many people are non-compliant. This can lead to legal actions at times and other problems. This is a very important part of Quality Assurance within our organization. .Will hold in-services, cover the company’s policy and explain why incident reports are filled out for and how to properly fill them out and who they are turned in to. We will strive to meet our goal of decreasing non-compliance by 10% within the next 3 months. References Qual Saf Health Care 2004; 13: 281-286 doi:10.1136/qshc.2003.009100 Marieke, Adriana. (2013). introducing incident reporting in primary care: a translation from safety science into medical practice. Health, Risk Society, 15(3), 265-278 doi:10.1080/13698575.2013.776014 Lemieux, Jeff. (2012). Hospital Readmission Rates in Medicare Advantage Plans. American Journal of Managed Care,18(2), 96-104 N.A. (2009). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Healthcare and Research and Quality. Retrieved from http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=3287

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay

Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay Some house holds in cities depend on livestock keeping as a source of livelihood. Most urban farmers have resorted to keeping animals which require less space for example small ruminants since land in urban areas is a scarce resource. Uganda has a total of 5.2 million goats according to a report by the Uganda bureau of statistics. In mukono district, 2.9% of the agricultural households rear sheep and the total number of sheep reared is 4,530. Out of 100 households,44.22 of them rear 1 sheep, 47.99 rear 2-4 sheep, 5.78 rear 5-9 sheep, 1.55 rear 10-19 sheep, 0.42 rear 20-49 sheep and 0.04 rear 50-99 sheep.(UBOS report). 19.5% of the agricultural households rear goats and the total number of goats reared are 59,598. out of every 100 households,30.58 rear 1 goat, 57.85 rear 2-4 goats, 9.83 rear 5-9 goats, 1.38 rear10-19 goats, 0.28 rear 20-49 goats and 0.08 rear 50-99 goats .(UBOS report). Goats and sheep have numerous helminthes parasites, many of which are shared by both species. The most important include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT In Mukono abattoir the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus  (barber pole worm) in the goats and sheep slaughtered is not known yet these parasites affect the quality of meat. These parasites cause diseases and lead to emaciation of the animals thus affecting the quality of the meat. The parasites also cause economic loss to the farmers since an animal in poor health condition will fetch a small amount of money. 1.2 JUSTIFICATION Because Haemonchus contortus  (barber pole worms) cause diseases in goats and sheep, in order to effectively control these diseases it is of utmost importance to have a record on the prevalence of the parasite. Surveys in abattoirs are an excellent means of knowing the causes of prevalent ruminant diseases in an area. (Adoun., 2012) 1.3 OBJECTIVES 1.3.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep slaughtered in the abattoir and how it can be controlled. 1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To know the prevalence of barber pole worms in goats To know the prevalence of barber pole worms in sheep 1.4 HYPOTHESIS The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep in mukono abattoir is not high. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes, commonly known as worms, present the greatest danger to the goat and industry .Haemonchus contortus, commonly referred to as the barber pole worm, is a clinical problem for goats sheep. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) It gets its name due to the barber pole appearance consisting of the white ovaries that twist around the red blood filled gut.( Jim Miller  .,2000) Haemonchus contortus  is cylindrically shaped, tapered at both ends, and has a complete digestive system. This voracious bloodsucking parasite causes anaemia and bottle jaw and has a tremendous capacity to reproduce through egg-laying. (Lynn Pezzanite et al.,) The larvae and the adults cause small haemorrhages at sites of the abomasal mucosa where they feed. The ingesta may be reddish brown and fluid. Worms may either be attached to the mucosa or free in the lumen. (Love and Hutchinson.,2003) Anemia, low packed cell volume (PCV), diarrhea, dehydration, peripheral, and internal fluid accumulation are common signs of barber pole worm infestation. Infested goats and sheep have lower growth rates, reduced reproductive performance, and are susceptible to diseases that eventually lead to death.  Haemonchus contortus  may consequently account for a great reduction of profits in small ruminant operation. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) 2.2 Distribution the occurrence and prevalence of barber pole worms is determined by the climatic conditions of the area. The development of eggs and larvae is limited to areas and seasons where pastures are moist during the warm months of the year. However, the larvae can survive on pasture for some time, particularly during cool conditions, and can affect sheep outside the favorable periods for development. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) 2.3 Factors that contribute to barber pole worm infestation in goats Environment with high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall Genetic make-up of goats makes them highly susceptible Resistance to anthelmintics as a result of excessive usage 2.4 Life cycle The worms occur in the abomasum or fourth stomach of sheep and goats. They are up to 3 cm long. The life cycle is typical of roundworms of sheep. Adult worms lay about 5000 eggs which pass out in the faeces of the host. Barbers pole worms are the highest egg producers of all sheep worms. The eggs hatch within a few days, and microscopic larvae emerge. They migrate on to the pasture, where they may be ingested with the herbage grazed by sheep. In the sheeps gut, larvae develop to adult worms in about three weeks. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) If the worm enters the survival stage of arrested development, it could survive for months. Arrested development involves the larvae remaining in the abomasums of the animal without maturing until months afterwards. This allows the worm to survive the winter months when the egg and larvae do not thrive well on the ground. The survivability of the free-living stage of H. contortus is short; in fact, most infective larvae vanish from the pasture within 4-6 weeks in a wet tropical environment (Waller, 2004). 2.5 Signs of the barber pole worm infestation in goats and sheep Diarrhea Dehydration Unthrift appearance, rough hair coat, depression, low energy, and lethargy. Significantly reduced growth and reproductive performance Fluid accumulation in sub-mandibular tissues (bottle jaw), abdomen, thoracic cavity, and gut wall Blood loss, white mucous membranes, and anemia. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) 2.6 Effects of barber pole infestation in goats and sheep Haemonchus  suck blood from the lining of the stomach, causing anaemia. Animals with heavy infections of  Haemonchus  lack stamina, have pale gums and conjunctiva, and may also have bottle-jaw or constipation. Sheep and goats with lighter burdens have a gradual onset of weight loss and loss of colour in the gums and conjunctiva If present in large numbers,  Haemochus  can kill goats and sheep. In these animals large, red masses of worms are clearly visible in the stomach. The stomach contents are often brown because of bleeding from the stomach lining and the lining has pin-point blood spots on it. The blood of the goats and sheep is watery due to anaemia. In animals with lighter infections worms are present in the stomach, but the lining of the stomach looks normal. 2.7 Risk factors for Haemonchosis in goats and sheep The likelihood of haemonchosis outbreaks is extremely difficult to predict, and varies from one year to the next. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) The risk factors include; 2.7.1 History of occurrence The best guide to the likelihood of an outbreak is the previous history of haemonchosis on the individual farm or in the district, and how this varies with seasonal conditions. 2.7.2 Weather and season Barbers pole worm larvae need warm conditions and moisture on the ground to develop. The risk of haemonchosis outbreaks is increased in tropical weathers. 2.7.3 Pastures Barbers pole worm can survive where pasture remains green over summer. Typical situations include perennial pastures and areas of moisture along creeks and around troughs and seepage points. Irrigated pastures pose an especially high risk. 2.7.4 Type of animal Sheep and goats with a low or impaired immunity to worms have a greater risk of haemonchosis. This includes lambs and kids for two to three months after lambing. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) 2.8 Management practices that can be used to control barber pole populations in goats and sheep Avoid grazing goats and sheep on less than 3 inches of pasture canopy. Larvae are unable to climb higher than this on the grass and thus will not be ingested. Increase use of browse in grazing systems. Parasite larvae cannot climb up onto browse so goats dont ingest them. Rotate species on pastures. For example graze cattle or horses behind goats and sheep. Because parasites are species specific, when a cow or horse ingests a goat parasite it simply dies without causing damage. Do not feed on the ground. Elevated feeders help to eliminate fecal contamination and thus parasite transmission. Make sure that water and mineral sources are not contaminated with feces. Allow pastures to rest for at least one year before allowing animals back on them. Larvae will have a hard time surviving that long without a host and therefore the pasture will be relatively worm-free. Utilize annual forages in your pasture systems and till the ground between crops. The act of plowing tends to kill or disrupt the larvae and eggs, reducing transmission. Additionally, annual forages tend to do best when grazed at higher levels (4 to 6 inches of canopy). (Jackie Nix., 2006) Control programmes for Haemonchus contortus in goats and sheep Prevention, rather than cure, is the philosophy used in developing control programs against gastrointestinal nematodes. It must be assumed that worms cannot be eradicated but may be limited to the extent that they will not cause serious economic loss to the producer. A combination of treatment and management are necessary to achieve control. Several approaches to the use of anthelmintics are considered. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999) Strategic The strategic approach is the use of an anthelmintic at a time when most of the total worm population is within the host and not on the pasture. This approach can be used when the animals are moved from a contaminated pasture to a nearly parasite free pasture. Tactical When weather conditions have been favorable for the transmission of, eliminating worms from the gastrointestinal tract before they have the opportunity to reproduce and further contaminate the environment is a tactical approach. The timing of tactical deworming may be based on recent rain or it may be based on increasing fecal egg counts. Individual Treatment of wormy individuals may prove to be a worthwhile endeavor especially where resistance to anthelmintics is widespread. Individuals in a flock will have a higher egg excretion count than the average. This over-distribution of the parasite population can be lessened by the selective treatment of wormy individuals or by the removal of these individuals from the flock. Salvage Salvage (treatment to save lives, not control parasites) is why anthelmintics are frequently used in small ruminants. This is treatment in the face of disease; the animals are frequently anemic, have bottle jaw or diarrhea due to the effects of worms. Whatever the case, animals may be in desperate straits and even if they have the genetic ability to resist worms, they will be overwhelmed. Although anthelmintics may remove thousands of worms from each of the treated animals, the pastures from which they came have billions of larvae awaiting ingestion. Under these circumstances, treatments at 2 to 3 week intervals may have to be practiced until weather conditions are no longer favorable for transmission. Pasture Rotation Pasture rotation may decrease parasite numbers in deferred grazing systems where a pasture is rested for at least 6 months during the cool or 3 months during the warm part of the year. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999) Small ruminant production in Uganda There are about 400 million goats in the world, with Africa accounting for 67%. In East Africa, Kenya has a goat population of 6.4 million, Tanzania 4.3 million and Uganda 3.9 million. One method of increasing the number of goats and sheep is to select for twinning traits within a population. The twinning rate of East African goats is 30% and triplets occur at the frequency of 2%. Goats have a unique feeding characteristic of browsing which accounts for 60% while the grazing preference is only 40%. Goats and sheep make an important contribution to the subsistence subsector of the economy of Uganda and, indeed, of many countries in Africa. Over one million goats and sheep are slaughtered and consumed annually for meat. The skins contribute substantially to foreign exchange earnings as well as permitting import substitution for use in the local tannery and leather craft industry of Uganda. Locally the skins are used extensively in traditional techno culture. They are used notably in the making of mats, covering handles of tools (knives, dancing costumes, ropes, drums and shields) and covering ornamental articles. Footwear, strings and specific musical instruments are also made from skins. Exotic goats of the Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian breeds were imported to Uganda for cross-breeding with local goats with a view to enhancing milk yield and meat production in the offspring. In the early 1960s exotic wool sheep were introduced into Uganda and were bred on Government farms with the objective of assessing their ability to survive, reproduce and produce wool and meat in Ugandas climatic, technical and management environment. Exotic sheep, goats and their crosses with indigenous stock are more susceptible to helminth infection than the local breeds. Therefore every care should be taken to institute an effective regime of preventive measures comprising adequate rotational systems of grazing coupled with strategic prophylactic cover and all reinforced by regular chemotherapeutic preventive treatments. (Nsubuga) Breeds of goats In Uganda there are three distinct breeds of goat reared for meat production. The commonest type is the smallest of the three and can be described as the Small East African (SEA). Its mature live weight is 20-25 kg. It occurs extensively in northern and eastern short savannah ecological areas and the drier areas of Buganda in the northern parts of Luwero and Mukono districts (Buruli, Bulemezi and Bugerere). The second type is described as the Mubende goat. This is a large animal of 30-35 kg live weight. It is renowned for its popular skin on the international market. The skin is called Kampala skin in trade circles. This breed is concentrated in the Mubende District. The third type falls in between the first two in live weight, 25-30 kg. Its typical ecological niche is in Kabale, Kisoro and Rukungiri in Kigezi District. It is referred to as the Kigezi goat. (Nsubuga) CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area Mukono abattoir is located in Kyetume Mukono district. 3.2 Study Population and Sampling Technique: The study populations will be sheep and goats of different ages and body conditions brought from different parts of the country to the abattoir for the purpose of meat production. Simple random sampling method will be used to select the study units. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012 3.3 Study Type and Sample Size Determination: A cross sectional study will be used to determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infestation in sheep and goats slaughtered at Mukono abattoir in 2012. To calculate the total sample size, the following parameters will be used: 95% level of confidence (CL), 5% desired level of precision and with the assumption of 50% expected prevalence of barber pole worms, the sample size will be determined using the formula given in Thrusfield. n =1.96 Pexp (1-Pexp) d2 n = required sample size Pexp = expected prevalence, d = desired absolute precision Therefore, based on the above formula the total number of sheep and goats will be calculated. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012) 3.4 Study Methodology 3.4.1 Study animals The study will be carried out on 400 sheep and adult goats of four breeds from various regions of mukono district. (Gorski et al., 2004) 3.4.2 Post Mortem Examination: The abomasum of slaughtered animals which will be selected to be sampled will be inspected for the presence of barber pole worms. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012) 3.5 Data Analysis: Percentages to measure prevalence and Chi-Square (x2) test will be employed to measure association between the parasitism and species of the animals, age, origin and body condition. The worms will be estimated as mean number of worms with respective standard deviation of mean and range (Maximum- Minimum worm) in each species. The data will be analyzed using statistical packages MINTAB software Version 16 and SPSS for windows. In all analyses, Confidence level will be held at 95 % and P

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

HR Management Policies Across Business Types

HR Management Policies Across Business Types HR Management Policies 1Thessalonian 2:6-12 (Life Application Study Bible) we were not looking for praise from men, not from you or anyone else. As apostles of Christ his people could have been a burden to you, but his people were gentle among you, like a mother caring for her little children. Our own selves loved you so much the we were delighted to share with you not only the gospel of God but our lies as well, because you had become so dear to us. Surely you remember brothers, our tail and hardship; we worked night and day in order not to be a burden to anyone while we preached the gospel of God to you. You are witnesses, and so is God, of how holy, righteous and blameless we were among you who believed. For we know that we dealt with each of you as a father deals with his own children, encouraging comforting and begging you to live lies worthy of God, who calls you into his kingdom and glory. In trying to persuade people, we may be tempted to alter our position just enough to make our message more pala table or to use flattery or praise. Paul never changed his message to make it more acceptable, but he did tailor his methods to each audience and did not compromise. Organizations practice human resource management and development for at least one of three reasons: (1) To avoid fines and lawsuits; (2) to maximize and protect the investment they have made in employees; (3) because they are dealing with human beings. All three are legitimate, but only the third reason is a constant. Abused employees may or may not sue or file complaints. It may or may not cost an organization anything to replace them. But they are always human. It is a core Christian belief that humans, created in Gods likeness and redeemed through the death of Jesus Christ, are priceless custody of Almighty God. How then should leader approach managing and developing them when they have been assigning to us? When leaders consider how they think and act toward employees whose lives and careers are under their control whether in the area of benefits and wages, advancement and development opportunities, safety and comfort. Gods Word exhorts them to treat those followers as human beings. Paul defined his relationship to the Thessalonians both as a mother (v. 7) and a father (v. 11). Paul made decisions concerning particular followers in Thessalonica by asking him, If this were my son or daughter, what would I do? Not a bad starting point. Jesus told his follows, in John (15:5). I am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and me in you, you will bear much fruit; apart from me you can do nothing. The severity of the words is like a slap in the face. Without Jesus we can do nothing. Well, we could build a business and a comfortable nest egg. But from Jesus perspective, those things are nothing. Only the things done with and for him are worthwhile and have any chance of lasting. The marvelous part of Gods administration is that he has gifted each of us and equipped us to engage in something that really will echo throughout eternity. By taking the Word of God, which will last forever, and investing it in human beings, who will last forever, we can leave an indelible mark on the halls of history. What higher calling can there be than to become like Jesus and equip others to do the same? This is our glorious privilege: to assist others in developing their Christ like potential. Business description: A.B.C. Daycare Center/Preschool/ before and after school program in Colorado Springs, Inc., a nonprofit organization. The business got started in March of 2015; we are also part of the church, Word of Truth Worship Center. Our current location is at 3613 Betty Dr. Colorado Springs, Colorado 80917. Hours of operation are Monday-Friday from 6:00 to 5:30. Families that are in need of child care, we teach group time, ABCs, writing, art and crafts. Also, we take the kids on field trips. We started out as a small daycare, now we are becoming a much larger daycare center. Milestone Two Policies Human resources (HR) Management philosophy: The fairness of process and procedure Processes used to make decisions, allocate rewards, and resolve disputes are fair and unbiased, Six criteria related to procedural justice 1. Consistency across people and over time 2. Bias suppression -suppression of self-interest and blind allegiance 3. Accuracy of information and opinion used in decision making 4. Correct ability of decisions made in error or with inaccurate information 5. Representativeness of all affected subgroups and individuals 6. Ethicality processes are compatible with prevailing moral and ethical standards (Rousseau, 1995). Organizational structure: by Lucky Friend, Organizational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organization. It identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within the organization. This structure is developed to establish how an organization operates and assists an organization in obtaining its goals to allow for future growth. The structure is illustrated using an organizational chart. Tasked of human resource management: Conducting job analysis Planning labor needs Orienting and training new employees Managing wages and salaries Providing incentives and benefits Appraising performance Communicating Training and developing Building employee commitment (Garris, 2017). Duties of positions in HR department; Recruiter, Benefits and Training. CEO is the governing broad, excusive director, administrative staff, teacher staff, parents, and support staff. A.B.C. Daycare Center Organizational Chart Director Assistant Director Teaching Staff Administrative Staff Support Staff The Categories three types; Transactional, Tactical, or Strategic? 1. Entering applicant resumes for an open position 2. Aligning reward systems with organizational goals 3. Creating new-hire orientation 4. Interviewing candidates for an open position 5. Conducting performance reviews 6. Managing supply and demand for labor 7. Cross-training employees 8. Forecasting employee competency needs 9. Maintaining workplace safety programs 10. Documenting disciplinary actions Paul summarized the core of Christian living in Romans 12:17-21. We love someone the way Christ loves us, we will be willing to forgive our sisters, brother, co-worker and friends. If we have experienced Gods grace. We will want to pass it on to family, friend and others. And remember, grace is undeserved favor. By giving an enemy a help, we not excusing his misdeeds, were recognizing him, forgiving him, and loving him in spite of his sins just as Christ did for his people. Policies and procedures regarding EEO, harassment, and discrimination. What is Harassment? Harassment is a form of employment discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, (ADA). The harasser can be the victims supervisor, a supervisor in another area, an agent of the employer, a co-worker, or a non-employee. The victim does not have to be the person harassed, but can be anyone affected by the offensive conduct. Unlawful harassment may occur without economic injury to, or discharge of, the victim. What is Discrimination? Discrimination is dealing with human resources issues of discrimination requires a combination of proactive and reactive measures. Proactive measures include demonstrating good faith efforts to prevent workplace discrimination and harassment and embracing HR best practices for addressing discrimination. Discrimination is an inevitable and unfortunate consequence, given the level of diversity, varied work styles, generations and personalities in the workforce. However, employers develop ways to deal with HR issues of discrimination through creating basic workplace principles based on mutual respect and adherence to laws that prohibit discrimination. A.B.C. Child Development Center admits children of any race, religion, disability, national, and ethnic origin. To all the rights, privileges, programs and activities made available to students at the school. We do not discriminate in any way within the administered program. A multicultural curriculum is offered. The special needs of a child or children; A.B.C. Child Development Center is here to support you and your family. Services and programs may be provided for handicapped child / children when: The special needs of the particular child can be reasonably accommodated by our facility. Accommodation in such cases (alone, or together with other such cases) is not reasonable if it would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the facility and staff members. At the time of registration parents will be asked if their child/children have any special needs. Based upon the response of the parent, the child/children placement may or may not need to be reviewed by our facility Health Nurse. The three job descriptions that A.B.C. Daycare Center has are Assistance Director: wide variety of responsibilities, including managing staff, interacting with parents, working with children and wants to provide the students best possible experience, skilled at CPR, first aid and other routine emergency treatments, very organized, detail-oriented, trustworthy and responsible. Daily staffing schedules, changing toddlers diaper, checking children attendance daily, evaluate staff member and training. A. B.C. Daycare Center requires a minimum education required to work as an assistant director of a day care center is a high school diploma or equivalent. Candidates with a two-year degree in early childhood development, some accounting or another related subject area will have a competitive edge. We require a minimum of six months to one year of experience working in a day care facility. A.B.C. Daycare Center Job descriptions for Teaching Staff: supervising and disciplining children, organizational duties change toddlers diaper, group time, keep records, responsible for setting up classroom work. The lead teacher develops both long- and short-term lesson plans based on the curriculum and philosophy of the daycare center. While a day care lead teacher doesnt give children grades, she does assess their developmental growth. She maintains a record of that growth and keeps parents up to date communicating with parents is a routine part of the teachers job. The lead teacher is also responsible for setting up her classroom to reflect the lessons she is currently teaching. For example, she might create a bulletin board with labeled colors when teaching the class about colors. Routine record keeping, such as attendance, is the lead teachers responsibility as well. As she keeps records, she must keep in mind the information is confidential. Milestone Three Description A.B.C. Daycare Center Job descriptions for Administer Staff: Record keeping of documents, business information system, finances and information about the children in the daycare, keep records of all the purchases, parent information, and pay roll. The Sources of candidates, methods of recruiting, the candidates that I am looking for are experience in daycare working with kids, they need to be certified in child care or license, the methods used are craigslist, indeed.com, bulleting broad, new paper, and by word of mouth. General outline of the application process including a list of any documents required from the applicant and how the information will be used. For all applicants applying for jobs and business organization it is significant to know how the job application procedure works. This continuous guide to the job application performance includes information on applying for jobs: cover letters and resumes, completing job applications, testing and employment screening, background and reference checks, interviewing and the hiring performance. Selection process of testing and interviewing including what you hope to learn about the candidate through the process. Interviewing candidates for a position within the organization is one of the final steps in the hiring methods. Before you get to this step, the company wants to make sure that you have completed all of the recessing steps since each of these steps will have a direct impact on how effective the interview stage will be. At this stage you hope to learn what their strengths, personality and experience. Additional selection techniques you may choose to include (background check) in the Job of the Daycare, the State requires a background check of anyone hired to work with children, having a felony will disqualify anyone to work with children. According to Leman and Pentak, Each one of us has been hardwired with a distinct personality, Neumann continued by saying, some of us are wired to be extroverts; others, introverts. Some people love repetition. They love knowing that theyre going to do the same thing in their job tomorrow that they did today (p.37). According to Dessler, (2013), Employers use tests to measure a wide range of candidate attributes, including cognitive (mental) abilities, physical abilities, and interests, and achievement (p.106). In conclusion, this paper introduced Policies and procedures regarding EEO, harassment, discrimination, discrimination, three or more job descriptions application process, processing of testing and interviewing and learn about the candidate through the process. Suppose one of you wants to build a tower. Will he not first sit down and estimate the cost to see if he has enough money to complete it? (Luke 14:28). When a builder does not count the cost or estimates it accurately, the building maybe left incomplete. Will we disregard the Christian life after a little while because we did not count the cost of commitment to Jesus? What are those costs? Christians may face loss of social status or abundance. We have to give up control over our family, and even put to death. Following Christ does not mean a trouble-free life. We must carefully count the cost of becoming Christs disciples so that we will know what we are getting into, so we would not be tempted later to turn back. According to Luke 16:11, So if you have not been trustworthy in handling worldly wealth, who will trust you with true riches? Our integrity often meets its match in money matters. God calls us to be honest even in small details we are more valuable than earthy wealth. If we are not trusted with our money here on earth, no matter how much or little we have, we will be unfit to handle the vast riches of Gods kingdom. Do not let your integrity slip in small matters and it will not fall on you in crucial decisions either. Policies and rationale regarding Training and Development: Policy: There are several forms that make up the A.B.C. Daycare Center enrollment packet. This enrollment packet must be completed and in our possession before we can assume the responsibility of caring for your child. This is to ensure that the child will get the very best care possible and satisfies the record keeping requirement of the state licensing guidelines. All forms will be reviewed annually. If there are changes to any of the forms in the enrollment packet, please notify the director to update the parent records. If they have any questions regarding the completion of these forms, please feel free to ask the director. Registration Fees: There is a $75.00 for two children and $50.00 for one child Non- Refundable registration fee per family at time of enrollment. If they terminate childcare services and are gone more than 90 days and wish to return to A.B.C. Daycare Center, they must re-submit the application and the registration fees of $75.00 for two children and $50.00 for one child. Last week security deposit: upon enrolling their child/children all parents are require to pay an amount equal to one weeks childcare as a last week of care security deposit. Milestone Four: Procedures The specific rates will be outlined in the Contract and Rate Agreement. Fees is payable in advance and is due no later than 12 oclock noon on Friday, each week for the following weeks daycare, unless other arrangements has been agreed upon. Payment may be made by check, money order or cash. There will be a late fee of $10 for failure to pay by noon on Friday. The success of our center depends upon the prompt payment of charge/fees in order to take care of day-to-day incurred expense. Parents Vacation, you must continue to pay your tuition on your vacation to hold your daycare spot. Maternity Leave, to hold a spot you must continue to pay while you are on maternity leave. Some Daycare have procedure list are: The number of children in the daycare is governed by the Community Care Licensing Regulations. Children of Young Parents returning to school to continue their education are accepted and if a space is not available the last child into the daycare will be given 2 weeks notice of losing their space. . Children are accepted into the daycare on a first come basis. The childs name is entered on the data according to the date of the initial phone call. When an opening for the daycare occurs, the group Leader will contact the parents or guardians of the first child on the waiting list by telephone. Children will be removed from the waitlist upon the following reasons: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ Parents or guardians request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ Child is over 36 months of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ Family has moved away or phone number is out of order (the client is then unreachable). Compensation and Benefits Child-care workers who are employed at preschools organization or daycare organization are sometimes likely to receive benefits such as medical insurance, 401k retirement packages, depending on the type of school, collage grand, or two week vacation. Nannies and au pairs tend not to receive such asset, but are often qualified to buy their own assistance, such as insurance plans and retirement packages before taxes, as they can be paid as independent contractors. According to Gary (2013), Employee compensation refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees and arising from their employment (p.188). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any individual with respect to hiring, compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (p.189). Performance management Define the purpose of the job, duties. Define performance goals with measurable outcomes. Define the priority of each job responsibility and target. Define production standards for key components of the job. Hold interim discussions and provide assessment about employee performance, preferably daily, summarized and discussed, at least, quarterly. Provide positive and constructive reaction. Maintain a record of performance through critical incident reports. Provide the opportunity for broader response. Use a 360-degree performance reaction organization that incorporates reaction from the employees peers, people, and customers who may report to him. Develop and administer a coaching and improvement plan if the employee is not meeting expectations. According to Gray (2013), performance management means different things to different people. Some use performance management as synonymous with performance appraisal. Others say performance appraisal represents just the appraisal step-by-step goal-setting/appraisal/feedback performance management cycle (p.159). Each of the functions of Human Resource Management (HRM) really plays a vital role in the effectiveness of any organization. Work system that can bring many advantages to Organization they mainly include: Policies and rationale regarding Training and Development, Compensation and Benefits, Performance management. Jeremiah (29:11) for I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. God people are encouraged by leaders. Who stirs us to move ahead? Everyone who believes can do the task he has given and who will be with us unto the end. God is that kind of leader. He knows the future and plans for his people are good and full of hope. As long as God, who knows the future, provides our agenda and goes with us as we fulfill his mission here on earth. We can have boundless hope. This does not mean that his people will be spared plan, suffering or hardship, but that God will see his people through to a glorious conclusion. I Chronicles (28:20) David also said to Solomon his son, the one whom God has chosen, is young and inexperienced. The task is great, because this palatial structure is not for man but for the Lord God. David encouraged Solomon his son not to be frightened about the size of his job as king and builder of the temple. Fear can immobilize leader. The size of a task, its risks, or the pressure of the situation can cause leader to freeze and do nothing. Dont focus on the fear; instead, get to work. Getting stared is often the most challenging and frightening part of a job. Hiring employees is just a start to creating a strong work force. Next, you have to keep them. High employee turnover costs business owners in time and productivity. Try these tactics to retain your employees. Offer a competitive benefits package that fits your employees needs. Providing health insurance, life insurance and a retirement-savings plan is essential in retaining employees. But other perks, such as flextime and the option of telecommuting, go a long way to show employees you are willing to accommodate their outside lives. Provide some small perks. Free bagels on Fridays and dry-cleaning pickup and delivery may seem insignificant to you, but if they help employees better manage their lives, theyll appreciate it and may be more likely to stick around. Use contests and incentives to help keep workers motivated and feeling rewarded. Done right, these kinds of programs can keep employees focused and excited about their jobs. How to Improve Employee Retention: Attracting the Right Candidates Over the years, Engage has implemented a number of policies that serve the dual purpose of attracting potential employees and keeping current ones passionate and committed. Here are a handful of examples: Engage gives hiring priority to people who live near the office because they believe that long commutes are detrimental to work-life balance. Instead of a traditional vacation policy, the company lets employees take time off from a leave bank, in which they can accumulate as many as 60 days off to use as they see fit. This policy has helped with employee retention, particularly by making it easier for female employees starting families to take time off and ultimately return to work. During the hiring process, Engage administers the DISC Personality test, which charts the four characteristics, drive, influence, steadiness, and compliance, to build personality profiles for new hires. All employees test results are public knowledge, which Hoffman feels helps people understand one another and get along. By setting quarterly goals with rewards attached, such as iPods for the whole team or a trip to a nice restaurant, Engage can encourage employees beyond the competitive and potentially divisive realm of salary bonuses. The group nature of these rewards is important, says Hoffman, because somebody who is not motivated by getting an iPod knows that other people in his or her group are and doesnt want to let them down. Why Engagement is Important According to Gary, (2013). Employee engagement is important because countless employee behaviors, including turnover and withdrawal, echo the degree to which employees are engaged.(p.239). Discipline in the Workplace Discipline in the workplace is the means by which supervisory personnel correct behavioral deficiencies and ensure adherence to established company rules. The purpose of discipline is correct behavior. It is not designed to punish or embarrass an employee. Often, a positive approach may solve the problem without having to discipline. However, if unacceptable behavior is a persistent problem or if the employee is involved in a misconduct that cannot be tolerated, management may use discipline to correct the behavior. In general, discipline should be restricted to the issuing of letters of warning, letters of suspensions, or actual termination. Employers should refrain from disciplining employees by such methods as altering work schedules, assigning an employee to do unpleasant work, or denying vacation requests. Examples of Misconduct Examples of misconduct which could result in discipline: 1. Excessive tardiness 2. Failure to notify of an absence 3. Insubordination 4. Rude or abusive language in the workplace 5. Failure to follow Departmental Rules or Policies , i.e., not wearing safety equipment, not following correct cash handling procedures 6. Dishonesty 7. Theft Of course, discipline may be required for a number of other misconducts. The question that needs to be asked is if the Employer has just cause to impose a form of discipline. As a Director at Daycare Center wait I work we have safety check list: Child-to-staff ratio of 4 to1 for 2-year-olds, 7 to1 for 3-year-olds and 15 to 1 Children should be supervised at all times. Center thats licensed and regularly inspected for health and cleanliness Safe sleep and play environments Limited or no TV viewing Clean toys in good condition with no sharp edges Written policy on caring for ill children Diapering area separate from childrens play areas Cleaning supplies and other toxic materials in locked cabinet Electrical outlets covered with protective caps Security gates at top and bottom of stairs Easily accessible first-aid kit and posted emergency numbers Window guards on all windows except designated fire exits All outside play areas enclosed; soft surfaces under all equipment Smoke alarms and fire extinguishers An emergency evacuation plan Perishable food refrigerated Conclusion: In conclusion, Human Resource Management is the calculated and reasoned method of managing for an organizations most valued assets. Human resources management makes certain that human talent is used successfully and resourcefully to accomplish organizational goals. As stated throughout this paper human resources can be classified into some categories we studied during this class, for example: HR management philosophy, organizational policies, and Regulatory Compliance. Other categories were Recruitment, Training, Development; Compensation, Benefits; Performance Management, Employee Retention, Engagement, Discipline, and Safety. Reference Brown, Denise, (2017). What Are the Lead Teachers Responsibilities in a Daycare Center? http://work.chron.com/lead-teachers-responsibilities-daycare-center-14609.html Dessler, Gary, (2013). A Framework for Human Resource Management Florida International University Doyle, Alison, (2016).https://www.thebalance.com/job-application-process-2061600 Employee Retention How to Retain Employees, 2016. http://guides.wsj.com/small-business/hiring-and-managing-employees/how-to-retain-employees/ Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [US] https:// www.eeoc.gov Find Law. The Interview Process: Selecting the Right Person, (2017). http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/employment-law-and-human-resources/the-interview-process-selecting-the-right-person.htm1 Friend, Lucy, (2017). http://smallbusiness.chron.com/meaning-organizational-structure- 3803. Htm1 Josh Spiro, (2010).How to Improve Employee Retention http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/04/employee-retention.html Leadership Qualities, (2017). https://bible.org/seriespage/27-human-resources Leman, Kevin Dr. and Pentak, Bill, (2004). The Way of the Shepherd 7 Ancient Secrets to Managing Productive People Life Application Study Bible, (NIV) (1988). Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Carol Stream, Illinois and Zondervan Grand Rapids, Michigan. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and Unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications. Little Angles Daycare and Preschool, (2017). www.ladc.us/policies.asp Heathfield M. Susan, (2016). Performance Management Process Checklist, Step-by-step to a The University of British Columbia, (2015). Performance Management System, https://www.thebalance.com/performance-management-process-checklist-1918852 Samuel Hamilton, (2017). Child Care Worker Responsibilities, Hours, Salary, Benefits, Etc., http://work.chron.com/child-care-worker-responsibilities-hours-salary-benefits-etc-25603.html Ruth Mayhew, How to Deal with HR Issues of Discrimination, (1985) http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/deal-hr-issues-discrimination-1394.html

Monday, August 19, 2019

Charles Lindbergh Biography :: Essays Papers

Charles Lindbergh Biography My biography is on Charles Augustus Lindbergh. He is most famous for his nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. In the next paragraph I will be telling you about some of the things that he is famous for. His life is more interesting than most people think. If anything I would say that he is the most famous pilot in the world, or at least he should be. Charles was a pilot, inverter, and an environmentalist. He was born on February forth of nineteen o two in Detroit Michigan. His father was a Minnesota congressman. He studied mechanical engineering for two years at the university of Wisconsin and left in nineteen twenty-two to enroll in flight school. In nineteen twenty-three he bought a war surplus training plane and worked as a barnstormer and as a traveling stunt flier. In nineteen twenty-five he completed army flight training. After flight school he worked as an airmail pilot, only to become the chief pilot for the route between St. Louis to Chicago. In nineteen twenty-nine he married Anne Morrow. The daughter of the United States ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow. Some of Charles Lindbergh's achievements are the following. His most famous achievement was in nineteen twenty-seven, when he made the worlds first nonstop, solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. One of his other famous achievements was in nineteen twenty-seven when he made an unprecedented nonstop solo flight from Washington D.C. to Mexico City. He is also famous for being a great pilot. The main reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh to do my biography on is because I was goofing around on the biography web site and I typed in my birthday and apparently Charles Lindbergh has the same birthday as me. Another reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh is because I like airplanes and since Charles Lindbergh was the most famous pilot of all time, I decided, ah what the heck.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Various Perspectives on War in Homers Iliad Essay example -- Iliad es

Various Perspectives on War in Homer's Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Iliad is a story of rages of Achilles and the War of Troy. Thanks to the techniques of the author, Homer, The Iliad is very colorful, romantic, and it makes the readers imagine the ancient Greeks and their times of war. Homer is believed to be the author of epics other than the Iliad, although their authorship remains uncertain. Historian believes that Homer probably lived in the eighth century, B.C.1 (Discovering World History). However, there are very few things that we know about him. Some historians think Homer's birthplace may have been on an island on the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea, or perhaps in a city on the nearby coast, but they don't have evidence to support their theory (Michalopoulos). In The Iliad, Homer interprets the war, the science of nature, the gods, heroes and fate. For all topics, he expresses the words so powerfully and emotionally that it makes it easier to imagine the whole the great story of The Iliad. In the time when Homer lived, the war was something that existed in people's everyday life; he must been an eyewitness of the war, and that experience made him able to tell the story so realistically, especially the description of the soldiers who were killing each other in the war. Even though Homer may be seen as an antiwar storyteller based on his vivid description of violence and injury. He, on the other hand describes the both braveness and cowardliness of two heroes of The Iliad, Achilles and Hector; Homer shows this seems to be a pro-war position, as he idealizes the traces of bravely and heroism. The emotion of all the characters in the story, as well as the characters' suffering, pain, joy, and fury m... ...nd Hector, Homer seems to symbolize the fall of both cities. After 10 years of war, there was no true winner. Thus, the futility of war was the message of Homer.          Sources: -Discovering World History "Homer Composes the Iliad, c. 800 B.C.". Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/HistRC/ -Michalopoulos, Andre, " Homer", In Twayne's World Authors Series Online New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1999 Previously published in print in 1966 by Twayne Publishers. -Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. - Moss Joyce and George Wilson, edited by, Gale Research, Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them, Volume 1: Ancient Times to the American and French Revolutions (Prehistory-1790s), 1997. Various Perspectives on War in Homer's Iliad Essay example -- Iliad es Various Perspectives on War in Homer's Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Iliad is a story of rages of Achilles and the War of Troy. Thanks to the techniques of the author, Homer, The Iliad is very colorful, romantic, and it makes the readers imagine the ancient Greeks and their times of war. Homer is believed to be the author of epics other than the Iliad, although their authorship remains uncertain. Historian believes that Homer probably lived in the eighth century, B.C.1 (Discovering World History). However, there are very few things that we know about him. Some historians think Homer's birthplace may have been on an island on the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea, or perhaps in a city on the nearby coast, but they don't have evidence to support their theory (Michalopoulos). In The Iliad, Homer interprets the war, the science of nature, the gods, heroes and fate. For all topics, he expresses the words so powerfully and emotionally that it makes it easier to imagine the whole the great story of The Iliad. In the time when Homer lived, the war was something that existed in people's everyday life; he must been an eyewitness of the war, and that experience made him able to tell the story so realistically, especially the description of the soldiers who were killing each other in the war. Even though Homer may be seen as an antiwar storyteller based on his vivid description of violence and injury. He, on the other hand describes the both braveness and cowardliness of two heroes of The Iliad, Achilles and Hector; Homer shows this seems to be a pro-war position, as he idealizes the traces of bravely and heroism. The emotion of all the characters in the story, as well as the characters' suffering, pain, joy, and fury m... ...nd Hector, Homer seems to symbolize the fall of both cities. After 10 years of war, there was no true winner. Thus, the futility of war was the message of Homer.          Sources: -Discovering World History "Homer Composes the Iliad, c. 800 B.C.". Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/HistRC/ -Michalopoulos, Andre, " Homer", In Twayne's World Authors Series Online New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1999 Previously published in print in 1966 by Twayne Publishers. -Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. - Moss Joyce and George Wilson, edited by, Gale Research, Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them, Volume 1: Ancient Times to the American and French Revolutions (Prehistory-1790s), 1997.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work

Introduction I. As once stated by John Kasich, â€Å"Affirmative action has a negative effect on our society when it means counting us like so many beans and dividing us into separate piles. † II. My partner and I stand against the resolution which states: â€Å"Resolved: Affirmative action to promote equal opportunity in the United States is justified. † III. We will show you that Affirmative action to promote opportunity in the United States is justified because Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work, Affirmative Action Stigmatizes Beneficiaries, Affirmative Action is not needed. Body I. Affirmative Action Doesn’t Work A. Affirmative action creates issues in college. Sander, Richard H. â€Å"Affirmative Action Hurts Those It's Supposed to Help. † Triblivenews. com. 2 Jan. 2005. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. . According to Richard Sander, (law professor at the University of California at Los Angeles) â€Å"Traditionally, critics of affirmative action have focused either on its unfairness to those groups that don't receive preferences (usually whites and Asians) or on the inherent conflict between racial preferences and the legal ideal of colorblindness. Over the last few years, however, a new and potentially even more damaging line of inquiry has emerged — the idea that racial preferences may materially harm the very people they intended to benefit†¦ My research over the last two years, using recent data that track more than 30,000 law students and lawyers, has documented even more serious and pervasive mismatch effects in legal education. Elite law schools offer very substantial racial preferences for blacks, Hispanics and American Indians in order to create student bodies that are as racially diverse as their applicant pools. Because these elite schools admit the black students that second-tier law schools would normally admit, second-tier schools, to keep up their minority numbers, also offer big racial preferences. The result is a cascade effect down the law school hierarchy, leaving 80 percent to 90 percent of black students at significantly more selective schools than they would get into strictly on their academic credentials. † B. II. Affirmative Action Stigmatizes Beneficiaries. A. B. Affirmative Action programs stigmatize minorities – studies prove Michelle Wu, senior writer, April 2, 2009, â€Å"Affirmative Action stigmatizes minority students,† Daily Princetonian, http://www. dailyprincetonian. om/2009/04/02/23248/ According to Michelle Wu, senior writer â€Å"Affirmative action may increase academic pressure and stigmatize minority students, according to a study conducted by sociology professor Douglas Massey GS ’78, â€Å"If white students believe that many of their black peers would not be at a college were it not for affirmative action and, more important, if black students perceive whites to believe that, then affirmation action may indeed undermine mino rity-group members’ academic performance by heightening the social stigma they already experience because of race or ethnicity,† Massey and his three collaborators wrote in The Chronicle of Higher Education on March 27. The researchers also presented another detriment of the controversial policy: â€Å"that affirmative action exacerbates the psychological burdens that minority students must carry on campuses. † III. Affirmative Action is not a need A. B. Obama proves affirmative action is no longer necessary Joseph Williams and Matt Negrin, March 18, 2008, â€Å"Affirmative Action foes point to Obama,† Boston Globe, http://www. boston. om/news/nation/articles/2008/03/18/affirmative_action_foes_point_to_obama/ According to Joseph Williams and Matt Negrin, March 18, 2008, staff writers of Boston Globe â€Å"Leading opponents of affirmative action are increasingly seizing on Illinois Senator Barack Obama's historic run for the presidency as proof that race-b ased remedies for past discrimination are no longer necessary. Influential Republicans and a growing number of policy specialists at conservative organizations, including the Goldwater Institute, Project 21, and the Manhattan Institute, are citing the fact that large numbers of white voters are supporting Obama, who leads in the race for Democratic delegates, as evidence that affirmative action has run its course. Ward Connelly, a black conservative who is leading a national effort to ban racial preferences, vowed to use Obama's

Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up

Winters 1 Jynai Winters 16 November 2012 Psychology 100 Sabrina Does Same-Sex parenting affect a child? I choose this topic because I love children and I don't like to see children hurting. I also choose it because I always wondered if it made a difference if a child grows up in a heterosexual home or living in homosexual home.Another reason why I choose to do this topic is because a lot of people believe that homosexual parents are not fit to rise their children if they come from a heterosexual relationship however, they do not have any proof that they are unfit for parenting their children and people do not like the fact that a child is growing up around homosexual activity and they also believe that if they grow up with a homosexual parent that they will not have choice about their sexuality.The earliest known idea about developmental psychology was presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau around the late 18th century. Developmental psychology studies the human growth and development th at occurs throughout the entire life span. Most people that studies this field focuses on one stage of development. There are seven stages of life that they could choose from; they are Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Other Adults and Developmental Disabilities. To become a psychologist you must earn a Bachelors degree in psychology.However you must have a Master's or doctoral before you start working as a psychologist. Most psychologists often work in schools and learning centers. They could also work in hospitals, mental facilities and nursing homes. They are even a few psychologists that work at colleges and for the government as teachers or to do perform research. Winters 2 A developmental psychologist salary depends on their training, geographic location and the work setting. Usually psychologist make between $69,007 and $90,326 a year.There are also those few that make more than $101,088 per year. As a psychologist some of their task will inc luded evaluating children to determine if they have a developmental disability, investigating how language skills are acquired, studying how moral reasoning develops in children and finally exploring ways to help elderly individuals remain independent. Most developmentalists study and research contextual influences that impact change such as socioeconomic conditions, culture, and genetics.There are many other changes that developmentalists study which are family, parenting style, divorce, friends, religion physical and mental abuse and educational levels. My research will focus on the Boswell vs. Boswell case of 1998, the Bottoms vs. Bottoms case of 1995 and also the Huggins interview of 1989. I will also talk about the Wainright, Russell, and Patterson 2004 study, the King and Black study of 1994, the MacCallum & Golombok of 2004, Vanfraussen study of 2002, the Fulcher of 2008, and finally the Patterson study of 1992 and 2000.The first study I will talk about is Huggins's 1989 and O'Connell of 1993. The small body of research that has focused on adolescent offspring of families headed by same-sex couples includes Huggins's (1989) study of 36 adolescents (13–19 years old, 18 with divorced heterosexual mothers and 18 with divorced lesbian mothers), which reported no differences in adolescent self-esteem as a function of mothers' sexual orientation. In another early study, O'Connell (1993) studied 11 young men and women, 16–23 years old, were the offspring of divorced or separated lesbian mothers.Participants expressed strong love, loyalty, and protectiveness toward their mothers and a desire for others to understand the benefits of having a lesbian mother. Participants, however, also Winters 3 described concerns about losing friends, and some described attempts to control information about their mothers' sexual orientation. These two studies were about how the child felt after their parents divorced. The Huggins's study reported that the children that they had no difference in their self-esteem.While the O’Connell study reported that the children showed strong love, loyalty and protectiveness towards their mother's. However, both studies showed that the children lost friends and some children even tried to hide their mother's sexual orientation. Wainright, Russell, and Patterson (2004) reported a study of family and relationship variables on the one hand, and adolescent personal and social adjustment on the other. They studied adjustment in a sample of 44 teenagers (12–18 years old) with same-sex parents and a matched sample of 44 teenagers with opposite-sex parents.On a range of psychosocial outcomes including depressive symptoms, anxiety, and school adjustment, Wainright and her colleagues found no significant differences as a function of family type same-sex or opposite-sex parents. Among their findings they found that there were no significant effects for family type on adolescent reports of sexual behavior or romantic relationships. Wainright and her colleagues did, however, find significant associations between parental perception of parent–adolescent relationship quality and adolescent school adjustment.Similar findings were reported for delinquency, substance use, and victimization by Wainright and Patterson (2006). The Wainright, Russell, and Patterson study talks about family and relationship vs. adolescent personal and social adjustment. The results to the study was that there was no significant difference as a function as a family, there was also no significant effect for the family type with sexual behavior or romantic relationship. However, they did find that there was difference between parental perception and school adjustment. Winters 4The few negative findings for children with two mothers were equivocal. Teachers in a Belgian study (Vanfraussen et al. , 2002) reported more attention and behavior problems for such children (about a half standard deviation differen ce), but this did not match teachers' ratings of the children's adjustment, and neither the children nor their mothers concurred. A second more plausible finding was that such children reported being teased about their families more, but this speaks to social disapproval of their parents' sexual identity rather than their gender.Researchers consistently find that children with lesbian parents contend with homophobia among their peers, but disagree over whether these children suffer more teasing overall or if the teasing focuses on their parents' sexual identity (Bos et al. , 2008; Tasker ; Golombok, 1997; Wainright ; Patterson, 2008). The only clear negative finding appeared in the first wave of the UK study of fatherless families described above (Golombok et al. , 1997).Six-year-old children in mother-only families (whether lesbian or heterosexual) described themselves as less competent physically and cognitively than their peers (0. 75 SD averaging the two), but the difference dis appeared when the children were interviewed again 6 years later (MacCallum ; Golombok, 2004). Because this study did not control for the number of parents in mother-only families, it could not help us determine whether the absence of a male parent or just of a second parent contributed to the lower self-esteem the younger children expressed.The Vanfraussen study of 2002 was one of the two studies that show that the children will misbehave if they live with a homosexual parent. However, when asked by the teachers they said the child is a good child and does not misbehave, they asked their parent too and they give the same answer. So this study is not a really good study because their results did prove the opposite of what they stated. Should a parent’s sexual identity be considered relevant in deciding a child’s best Winters 5 interest, for purposes of child custody and visitation?Answers to this question have shown tremendous variability from one jurisdiction to anothe r. In some states, such as Massachusetts and California, parental sexual orientation is considered irrelevant to custody and visitation disputes. In these states, a connection, or nexus, must be demonstrated between a parent’s sexual orientation, on the one hand, and a negative outcome for the child, on the other. Because a connection of this type can be difficult to establish, nexus rules have often resulted in judgments favorable to lesbian and gay parents.For instance, in Boswell v. Boswell (1998), a Maryland visitation case, the court refused to limit children’s visitation with their gay father in the presence of his same-sex partner because there was no evidence of harm to the children from such visitation. The Boswell vs. Boswell case of 1998 a father was limited to see his children because of his sexuality, so he took his wife to court and the judge agreed with him because there was no evidence that the child would be harm because of their father's sexuality. In a custody case involving a lesbian mother ( Bottoms v.Bottoms, 1995), for example, the Virginia Supreme Court reiterated its earlier holding that a lesbian mother is not unfit as a matter of law but included the mother’s sexual orientation among factors considered to make her an undesirable parent. Thus, in some states, lesbian and gay parents must overcome formal or informal presumptions that their sexual identities make them less than ideal parents. With the case of Bottoms vs. Bottoms the judge agreed in the favor of the mother because her sexuality did not make her unfit parent, it just made her an undesirable parent.I know has nothing to do with a child but I just wanted to show how a parent is sometimes looked upon as an unfit parent just because of their sexuality. In connection with this bias, Patterson, who would later serve as sole author of the Winters 6 2005 APA Brief’s â€Å"Summary of Research Findings on Lesbian and Gay Families†, reported: Despi te the diversity of gay and lesbian communities, both in the United States and abroad, samples of children and parents have been relatively homogeneous†¦. Samples for which demographic information was reported have been described as predominantly Caucasian, well-educated, and middle to upper class.In spite of the privileged and homogeneous nature of the non-representative samples employed in the studies at that time, Patterson’s (1992) conclusion was as follows: Despite shortcomings in the studies, however, results of existing research comparing children of gay or lesbian parents with those of heterosexual parents are extraordinarily clear, and they merit attention†¦ There is no evidence to suggest that psychosocial development among children of gay men or lesbians is compromised in any respect relative to that among offspring of heterosexual parents.Patterson’s conclusion in a 2000 review was essentially the same: Central results of existing research on lesb ian and gay couples and families with children are exceptionally clear. The home environments provided by lesbian and gay parents are just as likely as those provided by heterosexual parents to enable psychosocial growth among family members. The Patterson study was about showing if homosexual parents make a difference with how the child is raised or affected.There results showed that there was no evidence that showed that the development among children of gay or lesbian is compromised compared to the offspring of heterosexual parents. Then they looked back at the study in 2000 and found that home environment is just as likely to have the same problem no matter if the parents are lesbian, gay or heterosexual. Associative stigmatization of children with lesbian mothers might be expected, based on the degree of stigmatization directed toward the parents. Although there seems to be a growing willingness among Americans to extend basic civil liberties to gay Winters 7 en and lesbians (H erek, 1991), stigma is still associated with same-gender sexual orientations (Herek, Kimmel, Amaro, & Melton, 1991), and researchers agree that negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians are widespread (Kite, 1994). This study talks about stigmatization against children whose parents are homosexual and also how Americans still have attitudes against homosexual. It was also saying that people attitudes towards to homosexual affects the child because the child is thinking that their parent is not liked be anyone because who they are.Other researchers have noted that children brought up in a two-adult home, regardless of the gender of the adults, are in better emotional health than those raised by single parents, and that lesbian mothers who live with a partner are at a psychological advantage over single lesbian mothers. In addition to these indications that custody contingent on the absence of a live-in partner for the mother is not in the child's best interests, there is no evid ence in the current study that potential stigmatization is increased by the presence of a female partner.Some researchers have shown that children that are brought up in two-adult homes are better in emotional health than those raised by single parents. It also showed that lesbian mothers that live with a partner are at a advantage over a single lesbian mother because there is no evidence that shows that the potential of stigmatization will increased by the presence of a female partner. Children may indeed be stigmatized or embarrassed at times because of characteristics of their parents — not just children of lesbians, but children of a variety of non-traditional parents.That a parent is of a racial, political, or religious minority, is poor, has a physical impairment, or is otherwise different is not usually considered sufficient reason for denying that parent custody of a child (Falk, 1989). The same stigmatization argument that was used by courts 20 years ago to deny cust ody to women who married interracially after a divorce is now being used to deny custody to lesbian mothers. Winters 8 However in this study did show that children will be stigmatized and embarrassed because of their parents characteristic, but not just children f lesbians any child can be embarrassed or stigmatized by someone. Another thing is that with the custody of a child a mother or father could not be denied custody just because of their sexuality. The Falk study founded that perceptual stigmatization of children of divorced lesbians does occur; it was not designed to address the magnitude of that stigmatization. In related work on relational stigmatization, Falk have found that a majority of college students are willing to interact in relationships with children of lesbians, although willingness decreases as intimacy of relationship increases.As Falk has pointed out, legal decision-makers may be overemphasizing the severity of stigmatization toward children in the custody of lesbian mothers. Two types of studies would be informative in addressing this concern. One would seek to identify the number of participants in any given sample who are likely to stigmatize children of lesbians and would explore characteristics of these individuals that may be correlated with a tendency to engage in stigmatization. Another would compare attitudes toward children of lesbian mothers with actual interaction with these children.Future research on this topic should also utilize samples that are more demographically diverse, particularly In terms of age and education. Community samples, for example, may differ from college samples in their likelihood to stigmatize lesbians and their children. Even though a few of the studies of stereotyping and attitudes toward homosexuals that used both college and community samples found little difference between groups, this finding may or may not extend to children of lesbians.Based on the published science, one could argue that two women parent better on average than a woman and a man, or at least than a woman and man with a traditional division of family labor. Lesbian co parents seem to outperform comparable married heterosexual, biological parents on several measures, even while being denied the substantial privileges of marriage. This seems to be attributable partly to selection effects and partly to women on average exceeding men in parenting investment and skills. Family structure modifies these differences in parenting.Married heterosexual fathers typically score lowest on parental involvement and skills, but as with Dustin Hoffman's character in the 1979 film Kramer v. Kramer, they improve notably when faced with single or primary parenthood. Winters 9 The science world has shown that two women can out parent a married heterosexual couples on several different measures, even though being denied the privilege of getting married. In a heterosexual relationship the father usually scores the lowest in pare ntal involvement and skills however, in a homosexual relationship both parents pass parental involvement and skill part.One thing they did notice was that the father usually increased his score when he is faced with single or primary parenthood. In conclusion, from my research it has shown that a child can live in a same sex home and not be affected by his or her parent’s sexuality. The only thing they will have to deal with is being teased however; ever child is teased at some point in their life. The only thing that is being learned is that you cannot judge a parent because of their sexuality. I would also say that you cannot judge a child because of their parent’s sexuality.A child really does not really understand what the difference is between homosexual and heterosexual relationship. The child only knows that they have two parents that love them, so why would you try to change their vision of their family, if the child is happy let them be because they are innoce nt. Finally future research should focus on how the parent is affected. They could also survey the children when they get older and see how they felt growing up in a same sex home. Another thing they could do is see how they raise their children and how they grow up helped them choose on how they raise them.These are just some things they could do in the future if they ever research this topic again. Winters 10 Works Cited Biblarz, Timothy J. â€Å"How Does Gender of Parents Matter. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Feb. 2010. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What Is a Developmental Psychologist. † Psychology. About. com, n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Developmental Psychology Careers. † CareersInPsychology. org. CareersInPsychology. org,64ed n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Developmental Psychology. † The Psychology Career Center. AllPsychologyCareers. com, n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. King, Beverly R. College Students's Perceptual Stigmatization of the Children of Lesbian Mothers. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Apr. 1999. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Loren, Marks. â€Å"Same Sex Parenting and Children's Outcomes: A Closer Examination of the American Psychological Association's Brief on Lesbian and Gay Parenting. † ScienceDirect. com. ScienceDirect. com, July 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Patterson, Charlotte J. â€Å"Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Nov. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Wainright, Jennifer L. â€Å"Peer Relations among Adolescents with Female Same-sex Parents. † ProQuest. ProQuest, Jan. 2008. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.