How Music Effects Mood and Perception in Motion Pictures Essay

Music is a fundamental necessity in the earthly concern that we live in today. We all implement harmony in our everyday lives whether its professionally or solely for entertainment purposes. just about people realize c beers on music as musicians, composers, singers, or teachers while the latter of us just need music to get through the day whether were driving or at work or just need to relax. The need for music in our contemporary society affects us in a ten thousand of different ways--including the undeniable effect on our moods. The sound of just one note, one chord, can send an instantaneous message to the brain that, psychologically, can shake off us think or act in a certain way. These reactions can positively or negatively our moods depending on the composers intentions and our perceptions. Filmmakers implement the homogeneous idea using music to evoke a certain feeling or reaction/perception in their audience. Music in motion pictures is an substantive tool filmmaker s utilize to effect the mood of their audience. It often gets underrated as a predominant psychological force as it is employed subliminally by filmmakers under their memoir so that their audience is unaware of its presence. Nicholas Cook, author of Analyzing Musical Multimedia, states, words and pictures deal primarily with the specificwhile music deals primarily with responses--that is, with values, emotions, and attitudes.(22). However, there is certain music that is suppose to be heard by the audience as part of the cinematic diegesis. All sounds that are understood by characters in the narrative are referred to as diegetic however, those sounds that are not part of the diegesis are referred to as nondiegetic. This would suggest that diegetic music is processed on the conscious level while nondiegetic music efficacy remain on the subconscious level (Gorbman, 75). Although many people might be unaware of these two types of sounds while screening a film, it effects their reactio ns, interpretations, and moods significantly.The percentage of music in a motion picture is in direct relation to the level of ambiguity in a particular visual scene. The more(prenominal) ambiguous a scene is, the more filmmakers rely on their composers to develop a musical score that interprets the meaning of the scene for their audience. Therefore, music provides a propel for the listener to tell... ...t in a film and exactly how they felt in that moment. Most importantly, music sets the pace of a film to play on our emotions. Some films are slow and emotive that allow directors to incorporate music to influence the audiences emotions other are fast paced and exciting which can too exuded through the use of music. Where would the art of cinema be without the use of music today? I know for sure that films wouldnt be as the right way and as captivating to the mind and soul of viewers without the use of this powerful tool. Works CitedBoltz, Michael. Musical Soundtracks as a sc hematic influence on the cognitive processing of filmed events. Music Perception. Vol. 18 (4). 2001.Cook, Nicholas. Analyzing Musical Multimedia. Oxford University Press New York, 1998.Gorbman, Claudia. Unheard Melodies Narrative film music. Indiana University Press Bloomington, Indiana, 1987.Langer, Suzanne. Feeling and Form. Prentice planetary house London, 1977.Whittall, Arnold. Leitmotif The New Grove Dictionary of Music Online. 2003. 20 Nov. 2004. .

Stocking the Online Community :: Internet Web Cyberspace Essays

Stocking the Online CommunityI must conduct a net worthy of one million dollars by the m Im forty. Sounds like a pattern to me. Retirement, living the good life. My plan would be to go to school full?time, inject the job, and move into the country. (Not necessarily in that order) The Ads I see have to be working for someone. The internet and stock trading were meant for each other. More and more large number are regainting on the band wagon so get on early. But these hot High?tech stocks and you cant miss, followed by, The next five victorious I.P.O.s free, just log onto www.... Sure there is some risk gnarled but people are making a ton of money and I want my share. Show me where to buy. I have some cash cast aside I can risk it, Im young. I can go online materialize a couple reputable communities, put out the feelers and take the plunge. The foster bequeath be free, Ill just give them my email address and they can dismiss me junk mail. Its not hard to delete it. I go forth have to do some research to find someone to purchase stocks finished that does not charge too much. In addition, Ill need a source for researching which stocks to buy. unrivalled or two emergent stocks, buy and sell at the right time and Im on my way to early retirement. The operation I buy the stocks from will need to have a low price for messs and a low get-go balance. It must be quick and easy to trade stocks and I will need quick confirmation to know how much money Ive made. Not through the web but in a magazine article I found a rating of six online trading companies they are Scottrade, E?Trade, Suretrade, smith Barney, Charles Schwab and DLJ Direct. The two most important things to me are the cost of a trade and the amount and quality of access to research. Scottrade has the lowest trade price of $5.95 and smith Barney with the highest at $24.95. The research is especially good with Smith Barney and Charles Schwab slightly below in quality is Suretrade. Another th ing I learned is that most of these companies require a minimum balance to start, E?Trade wants $1000 while Smith Barney starts with $2000. While Suretrade requires no minimum and Scottrade requires only $200.Stocking the Online Community Internet Web Cyberspace EssaysStocking the Online CommunityI must have a net worth of one million dollars by the time Im forty. Sounds like a plan to me. Retirement, living the good life. My plan would be to go to school full?time, quit the job, and move into the country. (Not necessarily in that order) The Ads I see have to be working for someone. The internet and stock trading were meant for each other. More and more people are getting on the band wagon so get on early. But these hot High?tech stocks and you cant miss, followed by, The next five winning I.P.O.s free, just log onto www.... Sure there is some risk involved but people are making a ton of money and I want my share. Show me where to buy. I have some cash put aside I can risk it, Im young. I can go online find a couple reputable communities, put out the feelers and take the plunge. The help will be free, Ill just give them my email address and they can send me junk mail. Its not hard to delete it. I will have to do some research to find someone to purchase stocks through that does not charge too much. In addition, Ill need a source for researching which stocks to buy. One or two emergent stocks, buy and sell at the right time and Im on my way to early retirement. The operation I buy the stocks from will need to have a low price for trades and a low starting balance. It must be quick and easy to trade stocks and I will need quick confirmation to know how much money Ive made. Not through the web but in a magazine article I found a rating of six online trading companies they are Scottrade, E?Trade, Suretrade, Smith Barney, Charles Schwab and DLJ Direct. The two most important things to me are the cost of a trade and the amount and quality of access to research. S cottrade has the lowest trade price of $5.95 and Smith Barney with the highest at $24.95. The research is especially good with Smith Barney and Charles Schwab slightly below in quality is Suretrade. Another thing I learned is that most of these companies require a minimum balance to start, E?Trade wants $1000 while Smith Barney starts with $2000. While Suretrade requires no minimum and Scottrade requires only $200.

Studying Law within a Broad Context :: Law College Admissions Essays

Studying Law within a Broad Context While the law may be too ungainly and inefficient a vehicle to directly change the world, it offers a unique opportunity to help influence peoples interpretation of the world. I shoot always longed to be in a more intellectual environment where I might be allowed to see things from a different perspective. Having good enjoyed the academic study of Government and Politics and Economics where understanding political rhetoric and economic influences on government policies had to be analysed through abstract theories I am looking forward to studying law within a broad political, economical, historical and social context. Through obtaining a law degree, I willing also be able to join galore(postnominal) others in the struggle of our rights and dignity and strive within an imperfect political system toward the goal of greater equality within the law. My work experience placements have left me wanting to do a lot more in the legal sphere. Whilst wo rking at the BBC, the dominance of international and domestic issues in news items which were broadcast, highlighted the relevance of a thorough knowledge and understanding of social issues and hence the legal system. In summing up my work experience in a non-governmental organisation (HCA) helped me to distinguish the different types of problems faced by those who were seeking help from the organisation, such as injustice and civic conflict. My work experience with a freelance solicitor has also been invaluable in gaining practical skills in the implementation of the existing law system. My work experiences have undoubtedly built upon the skills I have gained through my academic experiences. Throughout my studies I have successfully undertaken individual research. I have prepared and presented seminars to my chum group and prioritised my workload to meet deadlines with work of a high standard. Within my school community I have undertaken volunteer work. As a subroutine librar y assistant my duties included organising the book loan system and making sure younger students used their time efficiently. As a school prefect I held many responsibilities such as organising school events and monitoring younger students. I also participated in In-class support assistance where I assisted with year 11 German lessons. Out of school I enjoy travelling to a variety of locations as this broadens my perspective of life. Meeting a wide range of people and erudition about different cultures and traditions is I believe of paramount importance in comprehending the entire world.

What is truth? :: essays research papers

What is truth? That is the question Pontius Pilate asked rhetorically as he turned away from the battered and bloody man rest before him, The Man who was, and still is, the Answer to that question. In todays worldespecially Europe, further also the USA to a lesser but still very significant extentthe very concept of truth itself is being dismissed by many who are caught up in postmodernist thinking. This mindset holds that truth is except a construction by the culture or the individual, so that what may be full-strength for one is not true for another. Thus, truth is relative. Necessarily, the meaning of formulates is not fixed, but a function of interpretation, so that each person can construct his own meanings for them. Adhering to that fallacy leads only to external chaos and internal emptiness.What is truth? An English dictionary says That which is in accordance with fact or reality that which actually is. In Scripture, the Greek intelligence operation translated truth is aletheia, which means the revealed reality, or the essence, of something. That is, what you see is what you get.In Matthew 151-9 and Mark 71-13, Jesus contrasted truth with tradition. Replying to the hypocritical Jewish religious leaders who criticized his disciples for flunk to adhere to one of the many extraneous requirements they had added to Gods Word, he said Thus you nullify the word of God for the sake of your tradition.What is tradition? That word is translated from paradosis, which appears 13 measure in the Greek text. It simply means delivering over from one to another. The context determines whether what was delivered was truth or whether it was the ideas of men that oppose the truth. Ten times it is used in the latter sense, and three times it is used in a positive sense, referring to true teachings, in the NIV, passed on by Paul to others.

Oxygen Essay -- essays research papers

group OOxygen and its compounds play a key role in many of the principal(prenominal) processes oflife and industry. Oxygen in the biosphere is essential in the processes ofrespiration and metabolism, the means by which animals derive the energy neededto sustain life. Furthermore, type O is the around abundant element at the surfaceof the Earth. In combined form it is found in ores, earths, rocks, and gemst mavins,as well as in all living organisms. Oxygen is a vaporish chemical element inGroup VA of the periodic table. The chemical symbol for atomic oxygen is O, itsatomic number is 8, and its atomic weight is 15.9994. Elemental oxygen is cognizeprimarily in the gaseous form as the diatomic molecule, which makes up 20.95%of the volume of dry air. Diatomic oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.Two 18th-century scientists share the reference point for first isolating elementaloxygen Joseph PRIESTLEY (1733-1804), an English clergyman who was employed as aliterary companion to Lord Shelburne at the time of his most significantexperimental work, and Carl Wilhelm SCHEELE (1742-86), a Swedish pharmacist andchemist. It is generally believed that Scheele was the first to isolate oxygen,but that Priestley, who independently achieved the isolation of oxygen somewhatlater, was the first to publicly announce his findings. The interpretation ofthe findings of Priestley and the resultant clarification of the nature ofoxygen as an element was accomplished by the French scientist Antoine-LaurentLAVOISIER (1743-94). Lavoisiers experimental work, which extended and improvedupon Priestleys experiments, was principally responsible for the understandingof COMBUSTION and the establishment of the law of conservation of matter.Lavoisier gave oxygen its name, which is derived from dickens Greek words that mean"acid former." Lavoisier held the mistaken idea that oxides, when turn inwater, would form only acids. It is true that some oxides when dissolved inwater do form acids for example, sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid. Someoxides, however, such as sodium oxide, dissolve in water to form bases, as inthe reaction to form sodium hydroxide therefore oxygen was actuallyunsuitably named.NATURAL OCCURRENCEOxygen is formed by a number of nuclear processes that are believed to occur instellar interiors. The most abundant isotope of oxygen, with gage 16,... ... are observed to exist over a range ofcompositions all possessing the same underlying structure. A number of thesetitanium oxides exhibit more than one crystal structure (polymorphism). The mostoxidized compound, titanium, is widely used in the RUTILE form as a whitepigment in paints. Ternary oxides, consisting of two metallic elements plusoxygen, are of great interest to solid-state scientists. For example, compoundssuch as the SPINELS and the PEROVSKITES are studied extensively be prepare of theirinteresting magnetic and electrical properties. Examples of important ternaryoxides are the magnetic FERRITES, whose magnetic properties can be tailored,making them useful in computer memory units. The ferrites are prepared by flakcompacted mixtures of iron oxide and one or more metal oxides (such as those ofnickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, and manganese). Also of importance in inorganicchemistry are the oxides of the nonmetals. Most of the nonmetals are known toform a wide variety of compounds with oxygen. The nitrogen oxides areundesirable by-products of high-temperature combustion in air (as in an internalcombustion engine) and can cause serious environmental pollution.

Oxygen Essay -- essays research papers

OxygenOxygen and its compounds play a key role in many of the important processes oflife and industry. Oxygen in the biosphere is essential in the processes ofrespiration and metabolism, the means by which animals derive the energy neededto sustain life. Furthermore, oxygen is the most abundant segment at the surfaceof the Earth. In combined cook it is found in ores, earths, rocks, and gemst iodins,as well as in all living organisms. Oxygen is a gaseous chemical element inGroup VA of the periodic table. The chemical symbol for atomic oxygen is O, itsatomic number is 8, and its atomic weight is 15.9994. Elemental oxygen is known mainly in the gaseous form as the diatomic molecule, which makes up 20.95%of the volume of dry air. Diatomic oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.Two 18th-century scientists sh are the credit for first separate elementaloxygen Joseph PRIESTLEY (1733-1804), an English clergyman who was employed as aliterary companion to Lord Shelburne at the time of his most significantdata-based work, and Carl Wilhelm SCHEELE (1742-86), a Swedish pharmacist andchemist. It is generally believed that Scheele was the first to isolate oxygen,but that Priestley, who independently achieved the isolation of oxygen somewhatlater, was the first to publicly announce his findings. The definition ofthe findings of Priestley and the resultant clarification of the nature ofoxygen as an element was accomplished by the French scientist Antoine-LaurentLAVOISIER (1743-94). Lavoisiers experimental work, which extended and improvedupon Priestleys experiments, was principally responsible for the rationalityof COMBUSTION and the establishment of the law of conservation of matter.Lavoisier gave oxygen its name, which is derived from two Greek words that mean"acid former." Lavoisier held the mistaken idea that oxides, when give the axed inwater, would form only acids. It is true that some oxides when dissolved inwater do form acids for example, sulfur dio xide forms sulfurous acid. Someoxides, however, such as sodium oxide, dissolve in water to form bases, as inthe reaction to form sodium hydroxide therefore oxygen was actuallyinappropriately named.NATURAL occurrenceOxygen is formed by a number of nuclear processes that are believed to occur instellar interiors. The most abundant isotope of oxygen, with mass 16,... ... are spy to exist over a range ofcompositions all possessing the same underlying bodily structure. A number of thesetitanium oxides exhibit more than one crystal structure (polymorphism). The mostoxidized compound, titanium, is widely used in the RUTILE form as a whitepigment in paints. Ternary oxides, consisting of two metallic elements overconfidentoxygen, are of great interest to solid-state scientists. For example, compoundssuch as the SPINELS and the PEROVSKITES are studied extensively because of theirinteresting magnetic and electrical properties. Examples of important ternaryoxides are the magnetic FERRITES, whose magnetic properties can be tailored,making them useful in computer memory units. The ferrites are prepared by firingcompacted mixtures of iron oxide and one or more metal oxides (such as those ofnickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, and manganese). Also of importance in inorganicchemistry are the oxides of the nonmetals. Most of the nonmetals are known toform a wide variety of compounds with oxygen. The nitrogen oxides areundesirable by-products of high-temperature combustion in air (as in an internalcombustion engine) and can cause serious environmental pollution.

Woman and Young Girl

An old man is lying on a cardboard box in the middle of the park with no blanket to cover him. A young girl approaches him) materialization daughter Excuse me sir Are you k? WSDL you like a hot beverage? (The old man opens his eyes and smiles) honest-to-goodness MAN (in a soft voice) Oh, yes I would, young lady. YOUNG GIRL Its freezing Come with me. Theres a restaurant Just across the street. Let me help you stand up. (The young girl helps the old man to stand up. They walk slowly toward the restaurant.They enter and sit on a table. The waitress approaches them. She has a notepad and a pencil. There Is a a man and a woman school term on a nearby table) WAITRESS What would you like to order? YOUNG GIRL Do you have any suspended coffees? WAITRESS (smiling) I am afraid we do not But we do have a suspended meal If you want one. YOUNG GIRL Well, thats great Bring It to the gentleman, please. Oh And a cup of coffee, too. WAITRESS (writing on a notepad) And what would you like to eat? YOUNG GIRL Id like a sandwich, and a cup of hot chocolate. WAITRESS would that be all?YOUNG GIRL yes, please. WAITRESS Your order will be ready In a few minutes. (The Waitress leaves) YOUNG GIRL (to the oldish valet de chambre) I am Sandy. What Is your name? OLD MAN Hello Sandy, my name Is Craig. You are a really generous girl. WAITRESS Enjoy your meal YOUNG GIRL Thanks (The old man starts to eat) OLD MAN (smiling) Thank you This is Just what I needed. YOUNG GIRL Lets eat before it gets cold (The Man and the Woman on the nearby table call the Waitress. She approaches them) MAN Excuse me, precisely we couldnt avoid listening to the conversation.That young RL asked for a suspended coffee, and we were wondering woman What is a suspended coffee? WAITRESS (smiling) Its simple. People pay in advance for a coffee meant for someone who can not afford a warm beverage, but they can also order a sandwich or a whole meal. WOMAN Oh, I see. Its a simple but amazing cause . MAN So people pay in advance for one or several coffees without drinking them. WAITRESS Thats right. Then, a customer-in-need asks if at that place is a suspended coffee available and have a hot drink without having to pay for it. WOMAN A nice hot cup of gracilityWhat a marvelous idea. Were definitely going to do this MAN Please, bring us the check, and add two suspended meals, and two suspended coffees. WAITRESS That is very nice of you Ill be back in a minute. WOMAN Its a good tradition which I think we should adopt. I am going to guarantee all my friends and relatives. (The Waitress comes back and gives them check to the man. The man takes out his wallet from his pocket, and pays the Waitress) WAITRESS Thank you. Its a great way to help homeless in the freezing cold. WOMAN (looking at the Young little girl) We are very touched and impressed for what he did.WAITRESS A single act of kindness can spay a persons life. (The man and woman stand up) MAN Oh, and by the way The food was delicious MAN Thanks, you too. (The man and woman leave. The waitress approaches the Young Girl and the Old Man) WAITRESS Is everything fine? WSDL you like something else? YOUNG GIRL Yes, bring us two cups of hot chocolate. Were having a real nice conversation here. OLD MAN (smiling) And shes a good listener, too. WAITRESS Thats great Two hot chocolates are on their way (The waitress leaves) The End

The Host Chapter 21: Named

I kept tight to Jebs side, a little in front of him. I precious to be as far as possible from the two men following us. Jamie walked both(prenominal)w here in the middle, not sure of where he wanted to be.I wasnt able to concentrate much on the rest of Jebs tour. My attention was not focused on the second set of gardens he led me through- iodine with gamboge growing waist-high in the blistering heat of the brilliant mirrors-or the wide save low-ceilinged cavern he c exclusivelyed the rec room. That mavin was pitch-black and deep underground, but he told me they brought in lights when they wanted to play. The word play didnt make sense to me, not here in this group of tense, angry survivors, but I didnt request him to explain. There was more water system here, a tiny, noxiously sulfurous spring that Jeb said they sometimes used as a second latrine because it was no ripe(p) for drinking.My attention was divided between the men walking behind us and the boy at my side.Ian and the doctor did mind their compositionners surprisingly well. No one attacked me from behind-though I thought my eyes might get lodged in the bear out of my head from trying to see if they were ab pop out to. They just followed quietly, sometimes let the cat out of the baging to individually other in low voices. Their comments revolved around names I didnt cognize and nicknames for places and things that might or might not have been inside these caves. I couldnt pick up any of it.Jamie said nothing, but he looked at me a lot. When I wasnt trying to keep an eye on the others, I was often peeking at him, similarly. This left little time to admire the things Jeb showed me, but he didnt seem to notice my preoccupations.Some of the tunnels were very(prenominal) long-the distances hidden beneath the ground here were mind-boggling. lots they were pitch-black, but Jeb and the others never so much as paused, clearly familiar with their whereabouts and long since accustomed to traveling in darkness. It was harder for me than it was when Jeb and I were alone. In the dark, every hinderance sounded like an attack. Even the doctors and Ians casual chatter seemed like a cover for some nefarious move.Paranoid, Melanie commented.If thats what it takes to keep us alive, so be it.I esteem you would pay more attention to Uncle Jeb. This is fascinating.Do what you want with your time.I can only hear and see what you hear and see, rover, she told me. Then she changed the subject. Jamie looks okay, dont you think? Not too unhappy.He looks wary.We were just coming into some light aft(prenominal) the longest trek so far in the humid blackness.This here is the southernmost needle of the tube system, Jeb explained as we walked. Not super convenient, but it gets good light all day long. Thats why we make it the hospital wing. This is where Doc does his thing.The moment Jeb announce where we were, my body froze and my joints locked I skidded to a halt, my feet planted against the rock floor. My eyes, wide with terror, flickered between Jebs face and the face of the doctor.Had this all been a ruse, consequently? Wait for stub natural Jared to be out of the picture and then lure me back here? I couldnt believe Id walked to this place under my own power. How stupid I wasMelanie was just as aghast. We might as well have gift-wrapped ourselves for themThey stared back at me, Jeb expressionless, the doctor face as move as I felt-though not as horrified.I would have flinched, ripped myself away from the touch of a hand on my arm, if the hand had not been so familiar.No, Jamie said, his hand hesitantly resting just below my elbow. No, its okay. Really. Right, Uncle Jeb? Jamie looked trustingly at the old man. Its okay, right?Sure it is. Jebs faded blue eyes were calm and clear. Just showing you my place, kid, thats all.What are you talking about? Ian grumbled from behind us, sounding blind drunk that he didnt understand.Did you think we brought you here on p urpose, for Doc? Jamie said to me instead of answering Ian. Because we wouldnt do that. We promised Jared.I stared at his earnest face, trying to believe.Oh Ian said as he understood, and then he laughed. That wasnt a bad plan. Im surprised I didnt think of it.Jamie scowled at the big man and patted my arm before removing his hand. Dont be scared, he said.Jeb took up where hed left off. So this big room here is representted up with a few cots in case anyone gets sick or hurt. Weve been pretty prospered on that count. Doc doesnt have much to work with in an emergency. Jeb grinned at me. Your folks threw out all our medicines when they took over things. Hard to get our hands on what we need.I nodded slightly the movement was absentminded. I was comfort reeling, trying to get my bearings. This room looked innocent enough, as if it were only used for healing, but it made my endorse twist and contract.What do you know about alien medicine? the doctor asked abruptly, his head cocked to the side. He watched my face with expectant curiosity.I stared at him wordlessly.Oh, you can talk to Doc, Jeb encouraged me. Hes a pretty decent guy, all things considered.I shook my head once. I meant to answer the doctors question, to tell them that I knew nothing, but they misunderstood.Shes not great(p) away any trade secrets, Ian said sourly. ar you, sweetheart?Manners, Ian, Jeb barked.Is it a secret? Jamie asked, guarded but clearly curious.I shook my head again. They all stared at me in confusion. Doc shook his head, too, slowly, baffled.I took a deep breath, then whispered, Im not a Healer. I dont know how they-the medications-work. Only that they do work- they heal, preferably than merely treating symptoms. No trial and error. Of course the human medicines were discarded.All tetrad of them stared with blank expressions. First they were surprised when I didnt answer, and now they were surprised when I did. humans were impossible to please.Your kind didnt change too m uch of what we left behind, Jeb said thoughtfully after a moment. Just the medical stuff, and the spaceships instead of planes. Other than that, life sentence seems to go on just the same as ever on the surface.We come to experience, not to change, I whispered. Health takes priority over that philosophy, though.I leave out my verbalise with an audible flash. I had to be more careful. The humans hardly wanted a lecture on soul philosophy. Who knew what would anger them? Or what would snap their fragile patience?Jeb nodded, still thoughtful, and then ushered us onward. He wasnt as enthusiastic as he continued my tour through the few connecting caves here in the medical wing, not as involved in the presentation. When we turned around and headed back into the black corridor, he lapsed into silence. It was a long, quiet walk. I thought through what Id said, looking for something that might have offended. Jeb was too strange for me to guess if that was the case. The other humans, host ile and suspicious as they were, at least made sense. How could I hope to make sense of Jeb?The tour ended abruptly when we reentered the huge garden cavern where the carrot sprouts made a bright greens carpet across the dark floor.Shows over, Jeb said gruffly, looking at Ian and the doctor. Go do something useful.Ian rolled his eyes at the doctor, but they both turned good-naturedly enough and made their way toward the biggest exit-the one that led to the kitchen, I remembered. Jamie hesitated, looking after them but not moving.You come with me, Jeb told him, slightly less gruff this time. Ive got a job for you.Okay, Jamie said. I could see that he was pleased to have been chosen.Jamie walked beside me again as we headed back toward the sleeping-quarters section of the caves. I was surprised, as we chose the third passageway from the left, that Jamie seemed to know exactly where we were going. Jeb was slightly behind us, but Jamie stopped at once when we r to each oneed the green screen that covered the s flushth apartment. He moved the screen parenthesis for me but stayed in the hall.You okay to sit tight for a while? Jeb asked me.I nodded, grateful at the thought of hiding again. I ducked through the porta and then stood a few feet in, not sure what to do with myself. Melanie remembered that there were books here, but I reminded her of my vow to not touch anything.I got things to do, kid, Jeb said to Jamie. forage aint gonna fix itself, you know. You up to guard trading?Sure, Jamie said with a bright smile. His thin chest swelled with a deep breath.My eyes widened in distrust as I watched Jeb place the rifle in Jamies eager hands.Are you crazy? I shouted. My voice was so loud that I didnt recognize it at first. It felt like Id been whispering forever.Jeb and Jamie looked up at me, shocked. I was out in the hallway with them in a second.I almost reached for the hard metallic element of the barrel, almost ripped it from the boys hands. What stopped me w asnt the knowledge that a move like that would surely get me killed. What stopped me was the fact that I was weaker than the humans in this way even to save the boy, I could not make myself touch the weapon.I turned on Jeb instead.What are you thinking? Giving the weapon to a child? He could kill himselfJamies been through enough to be called a man, I think. He knows how to handle himself around a crampfish.Jamies shoulders straightened at Jebs praise, and he gripped the gun tighter to his chest.I gaped at Jebs stupidity. What if they come for me with him here? Did you think of what could happen? This isnt a joke Theyll hurt him to get to meJeb remained calm, his face placid. Dont think therell be any trouble today. Id bet on it.Well, I wouldnt I was yelling again. My voice echoed off the tunnel walls-someone was sure to hear, but I didnt care. Better they come while Jeb was still here. If youre so sure, then leave me here alone. Let what happens happen. But dont put Jamie in dange rIs it the kid youre worried about, or are you just afraid that hell turn the gun on you? Jeb asked, his voice almost languid.I blinked, my anger derailed. That thought had not even occurred to me. I glanced blankly at Jamie, met his surprised gaze, and saw that the idea was take aback to him, too. It took me a minute to recover my side of the argument, and by the time I did, Jebs expression had changed. His eyes were intent, his mouth pursed-as if he were about to fit the last hang on into a frustrating puzzle.Give the gun to Ian or any of the others. I dont care, I said, my voice slow and even. Just leave the boy out of this.Jebs sudden face-wide grin reminded me, strangely, of a pouncing cat.Its my house, kid, and Ill do what I want. I always do.Jeb turned his back and ambled away smooth the hall, whistling as he went. I watched him go, my mouth hanging open. When he disappeared, I turned to Jamie, who was watmentumg me with a sullen expression.Im not a child, he muttered in a deeper tone than usual, his chin ejection out belligerently. Now, you should you should go in your room.The order was less than severe, but there was nothing else I could do. Id lost this disagreement by a large margin.I sat down with my back against the rock that formed one side of the cave opening-the side where I could hide behind the half-opened screen but still watch Jamie. I wrapped my arms around my legs and began doing what I knew I would be doing as long as this insane situation continued I worried.I also strained my eyes and ears for some sound of approach, to be ready. No matter what Jeb said, I would prevent anyone from challenging Jamies guard. I would give myself up before they asked.Yes, Melanie agreed succinctly.Jamie stood in the hallway for a few minutes, the gun tight in his hands, unsure as to how to do his job. He started pacing after that, back and forth in front of the screen, but he seemed to feel silly after a couple of passes. Then he sat down on the floo r beside the open end of the screen. The gun eventually settled on his folded legs, and his chin into his cupped hands. After a long time, he sighed. Guard duty was not as exciting as hed been expecting.I did not get bored watching him.After maybe an hour or two, he started looking at me again, flickering glances. His lips opened a few times, and then he thought better of whatever he was going to say.I laid my chin on my knees and waited as he struggled. My patience was rewarded.That planet you were coming from before you were in Melanie, he finally said. What was it like there? Was it like here?The counseling of his thoughts caught me off guard. No, I said. With only Jamie here, it felt right to speak normally instead of whispering. No, it was very different.Will you tell me what it was like? he asked, cocking his head to one side the way he used to when he was really interested in one of Melanies bedtime stories.So I told him.I told him all about the trip up Weeds waterlogged pl anet. I told him about the two suns, the elliptical orbit, the gray waters, the unmoving permanence of roots, the stunning vistas of a thousand eyes, the endless conversations of a million placid voices that all could hear.He listened with wide eyes and a fascinated smile.Is that the only other place? he asked when I fell silent, trying to think of anything Id missed. Are the See Weeds-he laughed once at the pun-the only other aliens?I laughed, too. Hardly. No more than Im the only alien on this world.Tell me.So I told him about the Bats on the Singing World-how it was to live in musical blindness, how it was to fly. I told him about the Mists Planet-how it felt to have thick white fur and four hearts to keep warm, how to give claw beasts a wide berth.I started to tell him about the Planet of the Flowers, about the color and the light, but he stop me with a new question.What about the little green guys with the triangle heads and the big black eyes? The ones who crashed in Roswell and all that. Was that you guys?Nope, not us.Was it all fake?I dont know-maybe, maybe not. Its a big universe, and theres a lot of company out there.How did you come here, then-if you werent the little green guys, who were you? You had to have bodies to move and stuff, right?Right, I agreed, surprised at his grasp of the facts at hand. I shouldnt have been surprised-I knew how bright he was, his mind like a thirsty sponge. We used our Spider selves in the very beginning, to get things started.Spiders?I told him about the Spiders-a fascinating species. Brilliant, the most incredible minds wed ever come across, and each Spider had three of them. Three brains, one in each section of their segmented bodies. Wed yet to find a line of work they couldnt solve for us. And yet they were so coldly analytical that they rarely came up with a problem they were curious enough to solve for themselves. Of all our hosts, the Spiders welcomed our occupation the most. They barely noticed the differe nce, and when they did, they seemed to appreciate the direction we provided. The few souls who had walked on the surface of the Spiders planet before nidation told us that it was cold and gray-no wonder the Spiders only saw in black and white and had a limited sense of temperature. The Spiders lived short lives, but the young were born knowing everything their parent had, so no knowledge was lost.Id lived out one of the short life terms of the species and then left with no desire to return. The fearful clarity of my thoughts, the easy answers that came to any question almost without effort, the march and dance of numbers were no substitute for emotion and color, which I could only vaguely understand when inside that body. I wondered how any soul could be content there, but the planet had been self-sufficient for thousands of Earth years. It was still open for settling only because the Spiders reproduced so quickly-great sacs of eggs.I started to tell Jamie how the offensive had bee n launched here. The Spiders were our best engineers-the ships they made for us danced nimbly and undetectably through the stars. The Spiders bodies were almost as useful as their minds four long legs to each segment-from which theyd earned their nickname on this planet-and twelve-fingered hands on each leg. These six-jointed fingers were as slender and strong as steel threads, capable of the most delicate procedures. rough the mass of a cow, but short and lean, the Spiders had no trouble with the first insertions. They were stronger than humans, smarter than humans, and prepared, which the humans were notI stopped short, midsentence, when I saw the crystalline coruscate on Jamies cheek.He was staring straight ahead at nothing, his lips pressed in a tight line. A large drop of salt water rolled slowly down the cheek closest to me.Idiot, Melanie chastised me. Didnt you think what your story would mean to him?Didnt you think of warning me sooner?She didnt answer. No doubt shed been as caught up in the storytelling as I was.Jamie, I murmured. My voice was thick. The sight of his tear had done strange things to my throat. Jamie, Im so sorry. I wasnt thinking.Jamie shook his head. S okay. I asked. I wanted to know how it happened. His voice was gruff, trying to hide the pain.It was instinctive, the desire to lean forward and wipe that tear away. I tried at first to issue it I was not Melanie. But the tear hung there, motionless, as if it would never fall. Jamies eyes stayed fixed on the blank wall, and his lips trembled.He wasnt far from me. I stretched my arm out to brush my fingers against his cheek the tear spread thin across his skin and disappeared. Acting on instinct again, I left my hand against his warm cheek, cradling his face.For a short second, he pretended to ignore me.Then he rolled toward me, his eyes closed, his hands reaching. He change surface into my side, his cheek against the hollow of my shoulder, where it had once fit better, and sobbed.Th ese were not the tears of a child, and that made them more profound-made it more sacred and painful that he would cry them in front of me. This was the grief of a man at the funeral for his entire family.My arms wound around him, not fitting as easily as they used to, and I cried, too.Im sorry, I said again and again. I apologized for everything in those two words. That wed ever found this place. That wed chosen it. That Id been the one to take his sister. That Id brought her back here and hurt him again. That Id made him cry today with my insusceptible stories.I didnt drop my arms when his anguish quieted I was in no hurry to let him go. It seemed as though my body had been starving for this from the beginning, but Id never understood before now what would feed the hunger. The mysterious bond of mother and child-so strong on this planet-was not a mystery to me any longer. There was no bond greater than one that required your life for anothers. Id understood this truth before what I had not understood was why. Now I knew why a mother would give her life for her child, and this knowledge would forever shape the way I saw the universe.I know Ive taught you better than that, kid.We jumped apart. Jamie lurched to his feet, but I curled closer to the ground, cringing into the wall.Jeb leaned down and picked up the gun wed both forgotten from the floor. Youve got to mind a gun better than this, Jamie. His tone was very gentle-it softened the criticism. He reached out to tousle Jamies shaggy hair.Jamie ducked under Jebs hand, his face scarlet with mortification.Sorry, he muttered, and turned as if to flee. He stopped after just a step, though, and swiveled back to look at me. I dont know your name, he said.They called me Wanderer, I whispered.Wanderer?I nodded.He nodded, too, then hurried away. The back of his neck was still red.When he was gone, Jeb leaned against the rock and slid down till he was seated where Jamie had been. Like Jamie, he kept the gun cradled in his lap.Thats a real interesting name youve got there, he told me. He seemed to be back to his chatty mood. Maybe sometime youll tell me how you got it. Bet thats a good story. But its kind of a mouthful, dont you think? Wanderer?I stared at him.Mind if I call you Wanda, for short? It flows easier.He waited this time for a response. Finally, I shrugged. It didnt matter to me whether he called me kid or some strange human nickname. I believed it was meant kindly.Okay, then, Wanda. He smiled, pleased at his invention. Its nice to have a handle on you. Makes me feel like were old friends.He grinned that huge, cheek-stretching grin, and I couldnt help grinning back, though my smile was more rueful than delighted. He was supposed to be my enemy. He was probably insane. And he was my friend. Not that he wouldnt kill me if things turned out that way, but he wouldnt like doing it. With humans, what more could you ask of a friend?

Murder Mystery story Essay

This is also securing the readers perspective on Sherlock Holmes. All by means of the stippled Band Sherlock Holmes displays his distinct ability to decipher the exact meaning of a situation. At the same time that Holmes is doing this, the reader becomes more and more fragmented about the situation in hand. This is where Conan Doyles first person narrative becomes crucial to the story. He uses Dr. Watson as a translator of Holmes genius. Watson helps the readers understand exactly whats going on and, in a way, puts their minds at ease. This is typical of Arthur Conan Doyle. He creates a psychological battle in the minds of the reader.He uses Holmes to create a spat with interpretation of sequences onetime(prenominal) and to come and then simplifies it through Watson. This is what makes all Conan Doyles stories so brilliant for the reader. Conan Doyle uses Holmes to build up suspense with a possible error in Holmes brilliance when he declargons that the committer of the crime is more cunning than himself. This is essential to the story. Holmes has been portrayed as the best detective in England up to this point and at one time he himself declares that he has been defeated. This creates extreme suspense for the reader. Also among Holmes abilities is his ability to disguise himself.He makes himself appear to be a person with distinct business at the Roylott estate. This fellow should think that we had come as architects or on some definite business. This adds to Holmes list of excellencies. He is now toying with the mind of the villain in order to accomplish he task he has been set. The unexpected ending. By the end of the Speckled band Doyle has created such suspense and confusion in the minds of the readers that they are waiting in dire anticipation to find out how it go forth end. The Speckled Band is, in fact, a poisonous snake native to India, the financial backing place of Dr. Roylott for several years.Roylott used the snake to make its way throug h the ventilation and into the bedroom of Miss Stoner and poison her. No matter how natural the reader they would not have the ability to predict this ending. This is a classic ending because it surprises the reader and although the identity of the villain was obvious all the way through the story, it was never clear how he would have stumbleed his stepdaughter. This is again excellent writing by Conan Doyle. He builds up tension by repeating the events of the past death of Julia Stoner when Holmes re-enacts the sequences of that fateful night with Helen Stoner as a trap for Dr.Roylott. Arthur Conan Doyle uses vast imagery and description to keep the reader glued. It is with this imagery that he creates the tension and creates a sense of tragedy in the mind of the reader. The word black is repeated several times, and this gives a feeling of doom and imbalance. This, paired with nocturnal, silence, vileness and all the other words of sinister imagery creates more tension for the r eader. It all builds up and gives the reader an incentive to carry on, to find out what will occur in the next sequence.All the way through there is a mysterious atmosphere and this only if pushes the story further into the classic mop up mystery genre. Everything down to he scenery and especially the buildings create a tense atmosphere. Conan Doyle wants to put a panorama into the mind of the reader, such that they can approximately see exactly they are reading about. Grey, lichen-blotched stone windows broken picture of ruin. All these are distinct factors of a house that can be picture in an infinite number of different ways for each individual reader.As this essay concludes the Speckled Band by sir Arthur Conan Doyle is a classic murder mystery story. All the criteria in the second paragraph have been fulfilled. There can be no argument that Sherlock Holmes is the greatest fictional detective in the whole of English literature and Arthur Conan Doyle is, without doubt, the m ost memorable writer of classic Murder Mystery stories up to the present day. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

John Garcia

John Garcia (born June 12, 1917) is an American psychologist, most known for his research on understanding aversion learning. Garcia studied at the University of California-Berkeley, where he received his A. B. , M. A. , and Ph. D. degrees in 1955 at the age of 38.He was appointed professor Emeritus at Los Angeles University of California, though he at other points has also been an Assistant Professor at California State College, a Lecturer in the Department of Surgery at Harvard Medical School, Professor and Chairman of the Psychology Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Professor of Psychology at the University of Utah. Garcia lived with his parents on their farm. By age 20, he was working as a mechanic making 18-wheeler trucks. A few years later he solved the problem of installing mufflers onto submarines and consequently became a ship fitter. citation needed During World War II, he joined the United States Army Air Corps and became a pilot after p ersistent nausea, he could no longer fly and he finished his term as an intelligence specialist. When demobilized, he used the G. I. Bill to pay for his college tuition. He attended Santa genus Rosa Junior College were he achieved a bachelors degree. He then attended the University of California at Berkeley where he achieved a masters degree and Ph. D. Garcias first postdoctoral job was with the U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab in San Francisco, California in 1955. citation needed He began to study the reaction of the brain to ionizing radiation sickness in a series of experiments on laboratory animals, mainly rats. Garcia noticed that rats avoided drinking water from charge plate bottles when in radiation chambers. He suspected that the rats associated the plastic tasting water with the sickness that radiation triggers. During the experiments rats were given one preference, sight, sound as a neutral stimulus. Later the rats would be exposed to radiation or drugs (the uncondit ioned stimulus), which would make the rats sick.Through these experiments, Garcia discovered that if a rat became nauseated after presented with a new taste, even if the illness occurred several hours later, the rat would avoid that taste. This contradicted the impression that, for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned response (in this case, sickness) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus-to-be (the taste). Secondly, Garcia discovered that the rats developed aversions to tastes, but not to sights or sounds, disproving the previously held theory that either perceivable stimulus (light, sound, taste, etc. ) could become a conditioned stimulus for any unconditioned stimulus. citation needed Garcias discovery, conditioned taste aversion1, is considered a survival machine because it allows an organism to recognize foods that have previously been determined to be poisonous, hopefully allowing said organism to avoid sickness. As a result of Garcias work, conditioned taste aversion has been called the Garcia Effect. Throughout his work Garcia also achieved a number of awards such as the Howard Crosby Warren Medal and the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. He was take to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983 and has over 130 publications.

Cyber Security Policies in the Private and Public Sector

Cyber Security Policies in the Private and Public Sector Cyber Security Vulnerabilities and Associated Threats of Cloud-Computing 16-03-2013 Cloud computing is a technology through which the training values be provided on demand basis. It is like religious return oriented architecture. End-users access the helpings through the cloud as per the extremity. The cloud term essentially refers internet, so dos argon provided through Internet. Cloud computing reduces the total cost of accessing the application.The applications are developed by the third party and the users pay per service to the third party for accessing the service. But on that point are lots of security measure risks associated with the cloud-computing. These relates to the entropy privacy, former(a) vulnerabilities and associated threats. These vulnerabilities and the associated threats leave behind be discussed in this paper. Effective Policies and procedures will to a fault be defined in this paper which will help in managing the estimated risk of the threats. Cyber Security Vulnerabilities and Associated Threats of Cloud-Computing Cloud-ComputingThe information technology is growing these days and the managers are arduous to reduce the total cost of development of the services use various means due to a number of business reasons. Cloud-computing is a technique which helps the perplexity in reducing the total cost of development. The required resources are configured in a cloud and the users access these services through the cloud. In faux pas of in-house development, the complete process is done inside the comp all premises and using the resources of the organization. So the organization has to pay for the complete resource to the vendor even if just service is not required.The license to use the product is also very costly. The organization has to pay for the complete product even if a part of the service is required. In the depicted object of cloud computing, the users nee d not to pay for the entire service or product, he will pay only for the part of the service. For ex adenylic acidle, a service is created for user-id creation and as most of the organization needs this policy, so this policy is created and configured in the divided pool of resources. Now the different organizations mint access the service as per their use. This helps in overall reduction of the total cost of accessing the service.These resources are configured in a shared pool of resources. These shared resources include the servers, storage, networks, services, etc. Cloud computing has m all forms and these forms are mainly as described here Software as a service of process, program as a Service, and Infrastructure as a service. This technology has many advantages but it has some disadvantages too. As discussed above, that the services are provided by a third party vendor, so the responsibility to provide support and maintenance is also taken care by the third party service pr ovider.When a company access the service using cloud-computing, the crucial business selective information resides in remote servers provided by the third party so on that point are lot of risk related to data privacy and confidentiality. The research related to analyzing the vulnerabilities and associated threats is going on and suitable actions are being taken to go through the risk level. Cyber Security Vulnerabilities, Threats and Actions Vulnerabilities refer to the loop holes in the form or the flaws in the system. When an organization has decided to move on the cloud, thence it should also run into the associated vulnerabilities and the threats.Some of the major(ip) vulnerabilities are discussed below Session Hijacking It means that the cloud or the required service is hacked by the hackers using a valid academic session key. This key is employ to come upon the unauthorized access on the critical resources of the organization. Once hacked, the hackers stomach have the complete access on the systems, and they can come any malicious activity they want to do, to hit the company resources. If proper and effective security measures are not followed in the infrastructure then it whitethorn cause a heavy business loss in terms of financial terms as well as the reputation of the organization.Probability of Occurrence The opportunity of situation of these types of attack is in general high. The reason being is that the attackers reenforcement on continuously scan the system to find out the vulnerabilities in it. Once they get together the access, they just execute their jobs. Effective Policies & Procedures To mitigate this diversity of risk, firewalls should be use in the system at the right places. Firewalls stay unauthorized access of data. Rules and policies should be configured to protect the session keys. To increase the awareness among employees, a proper training should be given to them.For example, session monitoring should be done to k eep a check on the malicious activities. Virtual Machine Access In this technology, the servers uses same resources like operating system, business applications, etc which are used by the virtual machines & other servers. If the attacker is successful in to gaining the unauthorized access to any of these system resources, then the whole system can be compromised easily. If other virtual machines are also located in the same configuration zone then there is a high risk of compromising other virtual machines too.This may directly hit the operating system and the host server and hence all the services hosted by the server. Probability of Occurrence The opportunity of occurrence of these types of attack is also high. As the flaws in the software or hardware becomes the root cause of these types of attacks. The bugs or flaws in the software are identify at a later stage and regular updates or patches needs to be applied on the software. Effective Policies & Procedures The software shoul d be regularly updated and patches should be applied on it.Hardware flaws should be take uped up using various tools. An effective network configuration is very important to mitigate this type of attacks. Service Availability This is a major weakness in cloud computing technology. No company can afford the unavailability of the required service. The company has to develop from a huge business loss in case of down quantify. The services offered by the cloud are not much reliable, any outage in the system may cause the services to stop working and hence the services will not be accessible. And this would be again responsible for a major loss to the company.Service Level Agreements (SLA) must be well defined and signed by both the involved parties and the above mentioned issues should be discussed and taken care using the SLAs. Backup plans should be carefully designed and implemented so that the risk level can be controlled. In case of any outage, lets say electricity outage, can be taken care by switching to electricity generators or other back-up devices. Probability of Occurrence The probability of occurrence of these types of attack is generally low. This types of issues rarely occur in any organization.Service providers mostly keep the title resources so that the system working remains continuous. And in case of some issues, switches to the ready back-up resources can be easily done. Effective Policies & Procedures To mitigate this kind of risk, firewalls should be implemented in the system at the right places. Firewalls prevent unauthorized access of data. Rules and policies should be configured to protect the session keys. To increase the awareness among employees, a Cryptography Flaws This flaw refers to the weakness in the cryptography techniques implemented in the cloud based system.Hackers can easily decode the encoding mechanism used in the system if there are some security gaps, for example if the key used in the encryption mechanism is not secur e and strong enough then the attacker can easily gain the access to the key and hence they can easily decode the encrypted message to the original text form. Probability of Occurrence The probability of occurrence of these types of attack is generally medium. The reason being is that most of the times, attackers could not find out the key used to encrypt the data or it is difficult to decode the encoded data.Effective Policies & Procedures To mitigate this kind of risk, strong cryptography techniques should be used. Ethical hacking can be done intentionally just to test the security level of the complete system. This test will help in analyzing the security gaps in the system and then these loop holes can be filled with effective security procedures. Data Privacy When the data resides in third party servers, then this risk of data privacy always persists. As the crucial data is handled and managed by the third party, so there are high chances of risks to data privacy and confidentia lity.Basically an agreement is signed-off between the parties for accessing the services. It should also include the issues related to maintaining privacy of data. Suppose the contract gets completed, now what would happen to the data which is stored in the third part servers? Probability of Occurrence The probability of occurrence of these types of attack is generally high. The reason being is that the data is always accessible to the service provider. Service providers take care of the support and maintenance of the data too. This risk is generally high.Research is going on so that this issue can be differentiate out. Effective Policies & Procedures These kinds of issues should be openly discussed with the service provider forwards signing any agreement. Vendors Technique As the technology is growing, there are lots of vendors coming up in this industry. Sometimes these vendors are immature and they follow the platform specific techniques which cause trouble in migrating to the new service or integrating with other services. The developed technology will be of no use if it cannot be updated or integrated with other services as per the requirement.Probability of Occurrence The probability of occurrence of these types of attack is generally medium, as it varies with the knowledge and experience of the service provider. Effective Policies & Procedures Proper research should be done before finalizing the right vendor. The initial requirements should be crystal clear so that both the parties should understand what actually needs to be done. There should not be any communication gap between both the parties so that in case of some issues, the right action can be taken immediately to fill the gaps.Dependency on Internet As discussed above, the services are accessed through a cloud of shared resources. This cloud refers to internet. So in other word we can say that the services are accessed through the internet which means that the services are highly dependent on internet. Suppose internet goes down then the client will not be able to access the required services. Probability of Occurrence The probability of occurrence of these types of attack is generally low. The reason is that backup plans are ready for the service in case of some emergency.As the service provider also realizes the importance of internet so enough resources are used so that the system does not suffer from any kind of outages. Effective Policies & Procedures To mitigate this kind of risk, backup plans should be ready and available all the time so that if at any time, the system disrupts, the backup plans can be used so that the functioning of the system does not affect in any way. There are other important security threats too which are associated with cyber-security. These are discussed below Denial of Service (DOS) Attack Denial of Service attacks are also known as DOS attacks.Due to these attacks, the legitimate requests of the end users are not completed due to heavy loading of the host server caused by the fake calls. Attackers may hit the routers or over flood the host server using the fake calls and this prevents the legitimate calls to execute. This may cause the complete severance in the system. Appropriate rules and filters should be configured in the firewall to mitigate the risk associated with these attacks. Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction increases with the implementation of the above mentioned policies and procedures.The implementation fundamentally helps in the availability of the service in a secure environment. And customers would be happy to gain access to the required service whenever they need and as per their requirement and that too in a secure environment. Hence we can say that the implementation of the above mentioned policies and procedures helps in increasing the customers satisfaction level. final stage In this research paper, various security vulnerabilities and the associated threats related to cloud compu ting are discussed.Cloud computing really helps in reducing the overall cost of accessing a service. But the security risk associated with this technology cannot be ignored. Proper security measures should be implemented in the system. Secure protocols should be designed and configured so that a balance can be achieved between the cost and the security level. References 1. Blaisdell, R. (2011, February 24). How Much Can You Save On Your Cloud Computing Implementation? Retrieved from Ezinearticles. com http//ezinearticles. com/? How-Much-Can-You-Save-On-Your-Cloud-Computing-Implementation? ampid=5989672 2. European Network and Information Security Agency. (2009). Cloud Computing Benefits, risks and recommendations for information assurance. Heraklion European Network and Information Security Agency. 3. Mell, P. , & Grance, T. (2011, September). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Retrieved from US plane section of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145 http//csrc. nist. gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145. pdf 4. Meiko Jensen ,Jorg Sehwenk et al. , On Technical Security, Issues in cloud

Apple Research Project Essay

To help apple figure divulge what can be done to maintain and/or surpass its current level of succeeder within the smartphone market Team D created and administered a ten perplexity survey. The purpose of the survey is to gain knowledge on what consumers think about the iPhone and find oneself any desired changes to ensure Apples top rating within the smartphone market. The results of the survey will be analyzed to identify any trends or similarities between all of the different respondents.Sampling Process and Data CollectionThe survey was distributed via Facebook to current and future smartphone owners. It was non a requirement for respondents to be forward or current iPhone users. Each team member was instructed to post a link to the survey using her private social media account along with a brief description of the surveys goal. The website www.surveymonkey.com is a free way to collect the necessary data. Survey scamp collected and grouped the data from the responses. t o the highest degree statistical studies are based on samples of relevant data with the main criteria ensuring that the sample provides a faithful representation of the totality from which it is selected, and to know as precisely as possible the probability that a sample is reliable (Sociology Guide, 2014).There are several types of sampling methods that can be employ. The sampling method that is utilise for this survey is random sampling. This type of sampling includes choosing subjects from a race through unpredictable means. All subjects have an equal chance of being selected out of the population being researched. This type of sampling is beneficial because a survey is the surpass way to show unbiased results. It is also a faster, less expensive, more efficient way to obtain results (Random Sampling, 2014).Types of Data CollectedThe first step to collecting the data was figuring out the sample population for the survey. The target population was current and future smartpho ne users. The second step to collecting data was to use survey questions that showed interval and ratio data. The results from the questions obtained some good data that could help Apple make some good decisions to better their product. The third step to collecting the data was to conduct the survey, via social networking, and analyze the results that were collected through the Survey Monkey website.Data AnalysisThe majority of the survey respondents, 61.54%, has owned or used an iPhone for 2-4 years. approximately of the respondents seem to be pleased with the iPhone giving between a 7 or 8 ranking on a scale of 1 (Least favorable) to 10 (Most favorable). There was a great demand for a larger storage capacity with features/camera/apps coming in a close second. Other suggestions were free access to iCloud, Apples digital storage hub, improved GPS/navigation, and multi-tasking capabilities.Most of the respondents (73.08%) agreed that improvements would persuade them to keep their current iPhone or purchase a clean one. A few respondents suggested that Apple offer features comparable to that of other smartphone manufacturers. everyplace 60% of respondents agreed that the iPhone is in jeopardy of not being the most popular kioskular twisting in the future. The comments ranged from Apple having strong grass awareness to the necessity of improvements and adjustments for the smartphone to remain competitive. A price increase proved to be a determining factor for future sales. The majority of respondents said they would not purchase an iPhone if the price were raised. On the contrary, most respondents said that they would still use the phone if Apple performed software upgrades instead of rolling out a new phone. 73% would recommend the iPhone to family and friends.ConclusionOverall, consumers were pleased with the iPhone as it is but most agree that the smartphone could benefit from additional storage. The surveysuccessfully identified points for improvement fleck providing insight into consumers thoughts on the iPhone. The consensus is that Apple should aim to be more competitive within the market. The responses show that without adjustments the iPhone may become less popular among consumers.Team,There were 10 questions in your survey. I am having trouble finding the results for these 10 questions. Map your analysis and graphical representations to the questions. Any question on a survey should be providing needed information for decision making or it should not be on the survey. Only one question collected interval data question 1 of your survey. How would you rate your device on a scale of 1 to 10.This question produces interval data your results should include calculations such as the mean and measuring stick deviation. Such calculations are important to business decision making. The survey should include at least two such questions. Include an additional question so that further analysis can be done. Review the McClave text ch apter two for methods to analyze interval and ratio data. Consider mapping to the survey questions 1. How would you rate your device on a scale of 1 to 10?2. Would you suggest the iPhone to your friends and/or family?3. What features would you like to see improved and/or offered on the next version of the iPhone that is currently available on other smartphones?4. What changes if any would you like made to the iPhone?5. What do you consider its best feature?6. What does the main use of your iPhone consist? (school function) (work related activities) (social media and personal contact) 7. Is your iPhone black or white?8. Are you male or female?9. Which age range do you fit? (16-18) (19-25) (26-35) (36-45) (46+) 10. Have you owned a cell phone besides the iPhone? If yes, what phone was it? Group_______ReferencesRandom Sampling. 2014. What is Random Sampling? Retrieved from http//www.randomsampling.org/ Sociology Guide. 2014. Sampling. Retrieved from http//www.sociologyguide.com/resear ch-methods&statistics/sampling.php SurveyMonkey. 1999-2014. Analyze results. Retrieved from https//www.surveymonkey.com/analyze/hHbfL6HljUGg73j7C6aWevOJJJrKp6glQfbrCAUt9_2Bg_3D Content70 PercentPts. Earned /Pts. PossibleCommentsIdentifies sampling bear on by sampling contact, distribution and collection methods Include a description of the sampling method (i.e. random, systematic, convenience,) Includes complete administrators of surveys and data collection deliverables Review concludes students have used correct organization, analysis, and interpretation of the data attained during research Includes visual representation of data collected using tables and figures with descriptive elements to discern categorizationSee introduce comments.Review the sampling methods to determine and support the method being used in your study. Review the visualization and presentation of the 10 questions in your survey and how to best communicate the results. A table or additional graphics to clearl y indicate the results of the 10 questions. Include analysis of two questions that produce interval/ratio data. Information can be found in the McClave text chapter 2 for the calculations of such values as the mean and standard deviation.15/20 indite Guidelines30 PercentCommentsTables or figures should include all the appropriate labeling, can be easily understood, even in the event of administration difficulty. Participantsnames and recognisable data should remain anonymous to avoid perceived bias towards the sampling. Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page.APA guidelines followed.Consider the research design play to communicate the data collected from your survey. I could not follow from your week 4 project.7/10Assignment Total22/30 supernumerary comments

My area – Earls Court a very weird and different area

Earls mash a very weird and different bea. But that is not the opinion of the people living on that point thats exactly my opinion. Earls Court is a different atomic number 18a I care to hark chief(prenominal)stay of it as a minor t ingest not just few area in the heart of Kensington. The streets are eternally coered in old crisp packets and used condoms and thither always seems to be puddles of water or some liquid that never seem to dry up. Behind my nursing home is a private garden which, on a cold winters morning is as misty as the peak of Mount Everest and the frugal Highlands put together.This garden is run by a Garden Committee which is headed up by a muliebrity who changes her hair colour every single week, for example brook week the charwomans hair was smutty and this week it is active as red as Manchester Uniteds football shirt. In this garden there is a tennis court which is set up during the summer and the rest of the socio-economic class the poles o n which the nets hang are used by myself and ab come forward ten other mates as football posts. However the woman with the ever changing hair colour always seems to see us and come out and prehend the ball even though her house is about from the school to Shepherds Bush tube station.The rules for this garden are extremely, I cant think of the word, hang on, ah yes, STUPID. You are not allowed to play football, play music, play and instrument, ride your bikes or any type of game that can damage the plants. It might as well be an open-air(prenominal) prison. About 2 minutes walk from my house is a giant Tesco superstore it claims to sell everything but the put out is you can never find everything because they keep changing where everything is so Ill probably never know if they do sell everything.I remember about a month ago now, me and my mate Gav were in Tescos and I had to use the toilet so I told him to wait down steps. As I came back down the stairs my hat fell rancid down to the ground floor below I ran down the stairs only to find my hat had disappeared and Gav standing where it had landed with an evil little grin on his face. and so a Jamaican security guard came up to us and express, What are you doing, and I because I didnt need to get in trouble said in a very angry and serious voice, Gav man, where the infernal region did you put my hat? , the security guard told Gav to get my hat from where he had hidden it amongst the boxes of wine.He gave it to me and we were just about to get out without getting into too much trouble when Gav, being the stupid changeling that he is, made the mis apportion of bursting into a fit of laughter when the guard had just turned away not when he was out of earshot but when he had just turned his back so the guard heard, turned around, called his colleague and literally and I emphasise the literally, threw us out of the store onto the paving material where Gav and I proceeded to laugh our heads off.But perhaps the most prominent building in my area is the parting complex just around the corner from my house down a side pass which runs historical a creed church building. In this complex there is about 6 or 7 cameras 2 of which overlook the admittance handout in. On a dark and low-keyed Saturday night if there is vigour else to do what me and my mates like doing is laborious to get into the complex without being spotted by the 20 or so security guards just inside the main entrance. One time I dared a boy called Adam to run in and touch the sign that is about 10 metres in search of the front door.There were about 5 of us including Adam he ran past the gate, past the cameras, touched(p) the sign, and ran back. By this time all of the guards were up out of their seats and sprinting out of the door I was the last unity to notice Adam sprints by me screaming like a little girl and every mavin is running, I hadnt noticed what was happening and when I turned around from my hiding plac e about 15 metres from the gate about four of the guards were coming through the gate, I stood up and started sprinting like a cheetah chasing a zebra.When I came to the fork I went right whilst every champion else had gone left down to Adams house, I heard one of guards say, You piling go left while we go right, were going to get these kids, I though, Christ their going to catch me I wouldnt nurture been so worried if they werent carrying holsters around which could have contained a gun. I ran mingled with and over the parked cars and over a wall about a metre or cardinal spunky and hid. I waited until they had maken up and then I emerged from the shadow of the crucifix, triumphant in the point that I had given trained security guards the slip.As I mentioned before I there is Gospel church near my house which has a bright green spire and on a sunshine morning and Wednesday evening it is absolutely bursting with music and singing. But the noxious thing about this is that al l of the cars of the church goers block up the parking lot the only place that we are allowed to play football. But there are other more interesting things about my area like the fact that a woman fell of the roof of my house into my garden and I still dont know how she got up there. Also about three weeks ago a complete nutter of a man was on the roof of an state brandishing and firing a rifle.All of the surrounding roads were closed off and armed police and for some reason there was riot police there as well. Nobody was hurt except the cat-o-nine-tails firing the gun who shot himself in the leg before being arrested. Once I was go my bike to my mates house and a tiny, little homosexual man stood in the way on plan even though he had about a 10 second delay before I was near enough to hurt him he stepped out and then said in a squeaky little voice Watch where your going you stupid little s**t, I shout out back at him some obscenities that I cannot mention here.Around my area t here is a lot of refugees who go around asking people for money. Once I was walking to school when about five of them came up to me and asked me to give them i10 I just looked at them and said, You got to be joking, the leader looked at me in truth seriously and said, I am being seriously perfect, and that just made me laugh. I think he meant to say, I am being perfectly serious, but got confused. The leader then grabbed me and said, give me i10 now, he was only about as tall as me so I kneed him in his groin and the rest just backed off because a security guard had come out to see what was going on.The guard escorted the leader off the premises and by that I mean threw onto one of the islands in the middle of the road. There is a tall, red brick building just around the corner from my house which used to be where the local police force startd for free until it was turned into a council flat. There is a woman called Louise who is about 40 years old and has a problem with kids. She is as thin as rake and is about medium height. Her nose is crooked and she has a terribly squeaky voice like a rusty bike chain. She has a balcony coming out of the back of her house which she likes to use for taking pictures of people passing especially kids.When we make noise she comes out and starts going on about how we are making too much noise, and then we confront her about taking pictures of us she just goes quiet and slithers off quietly like the snake that she is. Just last Sunday she came out and starting having a go at us but when we started confronting her about taking pictures of us she said shed even take videos of us we just said but thats illegal, she said so is noise disturbance then I said but which one do you think is more serious, at which she just walked off and I called after her I thought so .She wears kind of trampy clothes and she probably only has one piece of clean clothing in her whole life. Around my area there are a lot of kids who wander around loo king for kids to lollipop, but I know them so they dont try to mug me. However when I was in first year there was some kids that I didnt know trying to mug people, and once I was on my way home from school and I must have looked like a right idiot with my catholic schoolboy uniform all neat and tidy. They were walking on the other side of the road and I saw them look at me then cross the road towards me so I crossed the road to where they had been.They were then behind me and had turned around and started walking quite quickly towards me now you have go to remember that I was a little first year so I couldnt fight off two 16+year olds, so I started jogging, they started jogging, I picked up the pace, so did they, I was coming up to Tescos now so I sprinted through the back way through the car park into the store up to the first floor and out through the first floor exit. As I went down the stairs I could see them through the 12ft high windows searching for me jogging through the ai sles so I started jogging across the large 6 way road to my house.As I rounded the corner I saw them come out the main entrance, point towards me and start sprinting, so I just sprinted to my house and got through the front door in record time. I opened two doors in about 6 seconds. As I said earlier I consider Earls Court like a little town a little town with its own high street with every shop its own cinema and even its own arena and park. But with little towns there comes problems. On Thursday mornings there are piles of lightlessness bin bags waiting for the bin men to come and take them away it smells about as bad as rotten fish and eggs put together.You trip over the bags that are strewn all over the pavement. As I go down to school I go past a bright, gai choi yellow estate which all the dump trucks come out of and so that stinks even more and there are kids on the estate that spit down on people going past. All in all I think my area has some good points like the fact tha t most of my friends live there but there are some bad points like all the crime and trumpery on the streets. But it is my area, Ive lived there all my life and I love it.

Delayed Gratification

The susceptibility to discipline yourself to delay rapture in the short term in order to enjoy greater rewards in the long term is the indispensable pre-requisite for success. Brian Tracy, a self-help author who alike makes presentations on leadership skills, gross sales topics, managerial effectiveness, and business strategy, is correct on the topic of delayed ecstasy. According to Google Dictionary, delayed or deferred rapture is the ability to wait in order to happen something that one wants. This is what e preciseone should do so they can obtain what they want in the future, by working their hardest now.In the year 2010, young adults are having trouble grasping the opinion of delayed gratification and if they mountt know what delayed gratification is they get into problems that many concourse dont want to be in. People in naughty educate must film that delayed gratification will help them in the long run because if they do well in high school they will get into a o bedient college and then get a good job, but it can in any case go the other way too. If they do badly in high school they wont get into college, they will work a job that doesnt stand much and they will be unhappy because nobody respects them because they didnt go to college.This concept also ties in with materialism because many students want the latest and greatest in technology and other gadgets and when they expound to drool over the amazing things they can get, they start to take their mind off of school and onto acquiring a job. If they get this job and forget slightly school, they wont be able to do well in the future and then they wont be able to live by themselves, because they wont have enough money to pay the bills, because the job they got to get the gadget they wanted, was an eye blink gratification job or a job that will pay sm on the whole money very quickly.According to two professors of the University of Washington, in 1998, of 1000 high school students only 4 57 of them stayed on track through all four years of high school and were on time for graduation. This means that over 50% of students dont do well in high school and mess up going into college, which also messes up their future. Four hundred thirty four of the 1000 dropped out, or transferred to a different school and 109 graduated later. These statistics maybe outdated but are still good to know about them so we can learn from our mistakes. These statistics are very bad for students and there is a way for them to ecome meliorate and croak in the future by also working hard now. Delayed gratification is a yen way to go if you want live a successful lifespan in the future. Walter Mischel at Stanford University, conducted an audition called, The Marshmallow Experiment. This experiment was done in the 1960s and tested what kids would do if marshmallows were sitting on a table. The bringing close together was to see if the children that could wait would demonstrate they had the a bility to delay gratification and control impulse, both significant and beta traits for attaining wealth and being financially successful.The experiment was a group of four-year-olds were given one marshmallow and promised a sec one on the condition that they wait twenty minutes before eating the first one. virtually children were able to wait and others could not. The researchers then followed the progress of each child into adolescence and demonstrated that those with the ability to wait were better adjusted and more dependable, and scored significantly higher on the Scholastic Aptitude Test years later. This shows that waiting is best and if you learn the ways of delayed gratification you can succeed in life.Delayed gratification is decisive to have a grand life in the future. If a person has learned delayed gratification and is able to apply it to their life, they will exceed in high school, exceed in college, get a superior job, and retire in good health. This is why people should go by delayed gratification because not only will you be intelligent and will be able to speak about current topics easily, you will be respected by people you meet and have an easy life in the future.

Answers to math 230

1. The dispose of a function at the point of its local or worldwide maxima is zero. Explain why victimization an example.The slope of a function is zero at the point of its local or global maxima because of the fact that it is the point where the function is horizontal, thus the slope is really zero. For example, given a function f(x) =-x2. The first derived function of f is -2x and equating it to zero will yield to solution x=0 which is our candidate for utmost or minimum point. Furthermore, we apply the second first derivative test. The second derivative is -2 thus 0 is a local maximum. Accidentally 0 is the only local maximum thus 0 is also the global maximum of the function. At x=0, f(x) =0, which has slope of 0.2. Show how the derivative of the function f(x) = (2x4) (3x+2)2 can be obtained with protrude using the product linguistic rule.We can differentiate the given function 2x4 (3x+2)2 without using the product rule by just simply distributing (2x4) to the term (3x+2) giving you 6x5+ 4x4. Afterwards, multiply it with the constant 2, thus you go 12x5+8x5. Now you can solve the derivative using the simple idea of getting the derivative of function. Hence you have (12)(5)(x5-1)+(8)(5)(x4-1) yielding you to 60x4+40x3 which is the derivative of the function f.3. Provide a sermon showing that the nail down of the function, f(x) =2x4 / (x-2) does not exist at x=2.It is possible that the limit of a given function doest not exist at a particular point. In the problem, to show that the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 does not exist we need to get the right hand cheek and left hand side limit of f(x). The right hand side limit of f is corroborative infinity while the left hand side limit of f is negative infinity. Since they are not equal, we are forced to conclude that the limit of f(x) does not exist.ReferenceWhat the Derivative Tells Us About a Function. Retrieved October 12 2007 from http//www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math102/keshet.notes/chapter 5

Ethics and Moral reasoning Essay

Facing biographyspan plot Fighting For an EndEvery one of us will st atomic number 18 down the smell of death at some lodge in our lives however, some will face it in a lot more than unpleasant circumstances then others. We all entertain a right to conduct what we destiny to do with our bodies. We even begin the right to decide that we no longer wish to wind upure the agony and suffering of a terminal unwellness. Terminal illness is when someone is suffering from something that will eventually experience their sustenance regardless of any medical interventions. In this paper I will discuss the point in which a someone has a right to decide if they want to die and what processes argon ethically moral in aiding them in seeing their wishes come to fruition. Medicine has created more ways to cure or to minimize a souls suffering from diseases that were one time fatal or painful. Medical engine room has given us the power to sustain the lives of forbearings whose phys ical and mental capabilities cannot be restored, whose degenerating conditions cannot be reversed, and whose pain cannot be eliminated.As medicine struggles to pull more and more people away from the edge of death, there are pleas for relief outpouring from the tortured, deteriorated lives that all of us be merciful and give them the relief they need. (C Andre, and M Velazquez, KND). When a person is faced with the terminal of their vitality, it is said that we should agree that the absence of pain and the pride of the person should be taken into great consideration. When a terminally ill person is no longer capable of capable pursuits, is in constant pain and must rely on others for all of their needs, Mill feels that it is a more dignified choice to end the suffering, therefor fulfilling the absence of pain principle (pain including ones inability to seek exalteder pleasure through intellectual pursuit) (J Conley, April 2010). Doctors are at the epicenter ofcontroversies rega rding end of life issues and face so much scrutiny from both sides of opposing groups. Some doctors believe that it is okay to attend the patient in their wish to end their suffering by simply discontinuing any and all lifesaving interventions. early(a) doctors believe that every effort must be made to save the persons life until there is nothing else left to do. Once the doctor has reached this point they will place patients under hospice worry and the patients are given medications to treat their pain such as morphine. The doses are in such high amounts that the patient is no longer coherent and able to invent ends on their own. They will usually throttle within days following their first does due to how the medication slows down the heart and breathing. Supporters of the utilitarian ethic believe that the benefits of assisted suicide outweigh the costs. They argue that assisted suicide allows terminally ill patients to lift needless pain and misery in their final days. They believe that it will allow a patient to maintain control over the timing and manner of their death verses having to face an unsure timeline and suffer for what could be far longer and harder than a physician may give. The utilitarian believes that this would ensure that they would die with a awareness of dignity.Post importantly it would insure that an individuals right to self-autonomy would be honored at the end of life (M. Levin, KND). If you look at the views of a deontologist they would oppose this method because deontologists are all about duty. While both deontologists and utilitarians would typically do the same thing, Deontologists act out of duty, and would make their decision only once they see that the patient is on their last leg and is unable to respond for themselves, duration the utilitarian acts out of a means to provide a sense of peace. When you are a utilitarian people may view you as irrational and emotional and not take you serious, while a deontologist may come across as a bit crude or even heartless. The downside to macrocosm in such a place to make these tough decisions can bring about trustworthy issues such as individuals feeling pressured to terminate their life because of a misperception of their diagnosis or prognosis because of depression or because of a concern for the burden they place on others and the depletion of their assets. Some individuals may feel pressured to end life by selfish family members or caregivers. This is why it is so important for the professionals to handle each grounds as though it is so sensitive.Eachpatient must be thoroughly analyzed to make sure that they meet the proper criteria for end of life intervention. Life is about growing and learning, however, sometimes we are very limited to what we are able to do. This has no bearing on the quality of life and in no way should be used in ones decision to end their life nor should doctors look at limitations as a good reason to end life. The only tim es someone should be allowed to choose death over life is if they are unable to live a life that is rich and lavish of opportunity in spite of their illness. Meaning, that the illness is causing too much pain or that the illness in not allowing them to enjoy certain activities that they normally love doing. Then and only then the person should be able to choose what they want to do. Let me clarify this a little further. As we play older we will all eventually not be able to enjoy certain activities that we were once were able to, this alone would not be a reason to want to take your life, because your quality of life has not been interrupted.What would be a good reason is a person confined to a bed, organism taken care of twenty-four-seven by a loved one or care giver and doctors have said that the chances of healing are not there. We will all stare down death in the face at some point. However, life is not about dying, but about animateness. If a person cannot live a life rich a nd full of meaning due to a terminal illness, they have the right to choose to live or die. If those rights are infringed upon the person withholding ones private rights should face dire consequences. Life is hard as it is, but then to be dyeing and living it in pain and suffering would be unimaginable and more inhumane then having it ended with the aid of a medical professional on an at will basis.REFERENCESIturiguy, July 5, 2008. The Decision To End Ones Own Life Is A Fundamental Human Right. Retrieved March 10, 2014 from www.opposingviews.com Wikipedia, KND. Utilitarianism. Retrieved March 24, 2014 from www.wikipedia.com C. Andrea and M. Valdez, KND. Assisted Suicide A Right or A Wrong? Retrieved March 24, 2014 from www.scu.edu J. Conley, April 2010. Kantian vs. Utilitarian Ethics of Euthanasia. Retrieved March 24, 2014 from www.wp4dying.blogspot.com M. Levine, KND. PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED self-annihilation LEGALITY AND MORALITY. Retrieved March 24, 2014, fromwww.levinlaw.com

With Reference to Acid-Base Balance Explore the Role of the Respiratory System in Maintaining Blood Ph?

School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base remainder seek the piece of the respiratory scheme in obligeing crinkle pH? We live and die at the cellular take (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for design cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the isotropy between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) inside the dead organic structure fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p. 236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge extra of H+.Lack of any(prenominal) mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in dead physical structure fluids rise right away to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p. 1001) wherefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several(prenominal) systems work interdependently on maintaining businesss pH (Sheldon, 2001, p. 23) buffer, nephritic and respiratory systems. In this essay I result concentrate on the pH of the birth in relation to the acid-base balance and the persona that respiratory system has in maintaining it. simple eye pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7. is considered neutral in the systemic arterial farm animal within its narrow range of around 7. 35 and 7. 45. When the pH is greater than 7. 45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7. 35 thence the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p. 23). Fig. 1 Diagram of blood pH scale (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity of blood is a result of H+ submergence within it, and this on the other hand results from the carbon dioxide dumbness in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product generated in the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates and proteins within the cells.The torpedo itself is not an acid, but it reacts with water to form carbonaceous acid which then dissociates to form a hydrogen ion and a bicarb onate ion carbonic acid gas+H2O- H2CO3-H++ HCO3- The respiratory system helps to experience the acidity of blood by adjust the elimination of carbon dioxide and H2O through ventilation and on the other hand, blood pH (H+ assiduousness) plays a major constituent in respiratory control. Respiratory muscles belong to the voluntary existent system and ar controlled by the respiratory centre located in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain stem (Hinchliff, Montague, Watson, 2005, p. 605). Gregoire and Gallagher (2004, p. 24) suggest, that the breathing centre controls a number of inseparable parts, which work together to ensure that any inspiration is harmoniously followed by an appropriate expiration. Also, the frequency and the volume of air per inspiration are castd. In roll to regulate the breathing in an efficient manner, the respiratory centre must be informed of the need for the ventilation in the body mainly by chemoreceptors which are sensitive to the PCO2 (ca rbon dioxide pressure) or the pH of the blood. Those chemoreceptors fundament be found in the aortic arch and in the carotid artery (Thomson, Adams, Cowan, 1997, p. 1). According to Tortora and Derrickson (1006, p. 1002), the pH of sensible fluids and breathing rate react via the negative feed top loop. When the aforementioned chemoreceptors detect any changes in blood pH, they result clear the respiratory centre to alter the ventilation rate in order to bring the acid-base balance to its homeostatic level. When the blood acidity increases, the pH decreases and causes the chemoreceptors to ar suspire the inspiratory area in the brain. This results in layover and other respiratory muscles to contract more frequently and forcefully (resulting in increased CO2 excretion).This pass on cause less H2CO3 to form, therefore less H+ will be cede in the blood, resulting in increase of bloods pH. When this response will bring blood pH back to conventionalism, its acid-base balance wil l be back to its homeostatic level (Tortora, Derrickson, 2006, p. 1002). The same negative feedback will respond, when the blood CO2 level will increase (increase in ventilation, therefore CO2 excretion from the blood, reducing its H+ tightness and finally increase in pH). Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis CO2 CO2H+ H+ pH pH Normal blood pH (7. 35-7. 45) Normal blood pH (7. 35-7. 45) Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Breathing accommodates slower and shallower Breathing becomes slower and shallower Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Breathing becomes deeper and faster Breathing becomes deeper and faster pH pH H+ H+ CO2 CO2 Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis Fig. 2 Respiratory regulation of blood pH.Simple act of breathing also regulates bloods pH.. When the ventilat ion rate increases, more CO2 will be excreted, leading to decreased H+ submersion and tramp in pH. Contrarily, when the ventilation rate decreases, less carbon dioxide will get excreted, leading to its accumulation, therefore increase in H+ and decrease in bloods pH (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p. 1002). As we end see, lungs and brain control bloods pH minute by minute. When the respiratory system fails to control the pH of the blood through ventilation it drive out lead to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.Respiratory acidosis is an excess of carbonic acid that is caused by conditions resulting in hypoventilation and CO2 retention. The major effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system (Disney, 2002, p. 281). When the pH of the blood falls below 7. 35, the central nervous system starts to malfunction, and the patient will become disoriented and possibly comatose as the condition worsens Respiratory alkalosis occurs in case of deficit of carbonic acid caused by conditions resulting in alveolar hyperventilation and CO2 deficit.First, the peripheral nerves will be change leading to spontaneous nervous stimulation of muscles (spasms) and extreme nervousness. Severe alkalosis force out lead to death as a result of contraction of respiratory muscles (Disney, 2002, p. 283). Although in this essay I am concentrating on the role of the respiratory system in adjust the pH of blood it is worth mentioning the role of buffer and renal systems in their connector to the role of the respiratory system. Renal system is the slowest mechanism in regulating of the blood pH, however the only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid responsible for raise in the blood pH.It helps to restore long term acid-base imbalance but is not quick seemly to react in sudden changes (Powers, 2001, p. 312-313). The pH buffer systems are a combination of bodys own natural weak acids and bases. They exist in balance under normal pH, however when any changes in pH s olution occur, they change their proportions to chemically restore the balance (Appel, Downs, 2008). The important buffer systems complicate proteins, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers and phosphates (Thomson, Adams and Crown, 1997, p. 53). Prolonged acid imbalances of any kind are not well tolerated by the body as they disturb its normal functions.A chronically over-acidic pH corrodes body tissue and if left unchecked, it will break out all cellular activities and functions. The blood pH has a serious effect on all of the bodys systems and thats why it is important for the body to maintain its acid-base balance, as even minor deviations from the normal range can severely affect every cell in our body. Due to close connection between the respiratory system and bloods acid-base balance any malfunctions of the respiratory system will lead to blood pH imbalances. Word Count 1099 SCENARIO 2 (1000 words)With reference to negative feedback loops explore the role of the pancreas in glyca emic homeostasis. PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER BELOW Cells need a stable environment in order to survive. Negative feedback is the mechanism by which our body maintains its conditions at a homeostatic level (Guyton, Hall, 2006, p. 861). When the conditions happen the above range of homeostasis, negative loop will flex a endocrine to bring those conditions back to normal. Contrarily, when the conditions exceed the lower range of homeostasis, the production of the second hormone will be triggered.Negative feedback loop requires a receptor, a control centre and an effector. Located in the body are eight major endocrinal glands that secrete hormones. Blood glucose absorption regulation through the negative feedback shows, how the endocrine system maintains the homeostasis within our body using two antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon (CliffsNotes, no date), released in the pancreas. In this essay I will explore what is glycaemic homeostasis and why is it essential for the health o f cells and therefore for the health of the entire body.I will find out how is it maintain within our body by the negative feedback loops and what is the role of the pancreas in this process. Glucose is the main source of cogency for legal age of cells in the human body (Tortora, Grabowski, 2006, p. 614). Its molecules are broken down in the cells to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which provide energy for many cellular processes. Circulating blood delivers glucose molecules to cells and therefore the constant supply of glucose is reliable on the glucose levels creation maintained at continuous and adequate level.However, it is equally important, that the concentration of glucose in the blood and tissues is not overweening (Paul, 1999). The homeostatic level of glucose is achieved through the negative feedback systems of endocrine system which ensure that the glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range of 70 to 110 milligrams of glucose per decil itre (Paul, 1999). In a healthy person the homeostatic glucose levels are restored by one of the organs of the endocrine system- the pancreas. Fixed firmly in the pancreas is a tumid of endocrine tissue called the islets of Langerhans.Simpkins and Williams (2001, p316) suggest, that the islets contain two types of cells- ? and ? cells, are responsible for the production of glucagon and insulin. Tissues use glucose at different rates, depending on the metabolic activity (Simpkins, Williams, 2001, p. 317). More glucose would be used by our body during exercise than during the rest time. The concentration of glucose will also rise after a meal, when the nutrients are being absorbed. After the glucose enters the bloodstream (following food digestion), the ? ells detect that the blood glucose concentration has raised and release the enzyme- insulin (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p. 340-341). Insulin has several functions. One of them is accelerating the conversion of glycogen from gluco se. Blood leaving the gut contains the absorbed products of digestion and then passes them to the liver. The liver cells contain enzymes controlled by insulin, which help to synthesize the glycogen, the polymer of glucose. Glucose absorbed from the gut is stored in a form of glycogen in the liver and some of the penurious muscles (Simpkins, Williams, 2001, p. 316).Glucagon has the opposite role to the insulin. It stimulates the transformation of glycogen to glucose (Guyton, Hall, 2006, p. 861). The other functions of insulin include speeding up the entry of glucose from the blood into the respiring cells, increasing the cellular rate of glucose enjoyment as an energy source and stimulating of the fat tax deduction from glucose in the liver cells (Paul, 1999). All these effects would together cause the decrease in the blood glucose concentration and the insulin secretion discontinuation (from negative feedback from declining levels of glucose).Contrarily, when the blood glucose c oncentration decreases (for example during starvation), the pancreas will respond by halt the insulin secretion and stimulating the alpha cells to secrete glucagon. Apart from accelerating the crack-up of glycogen to glucose, it increases the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerin in adipose tissue as well as it stimulates liver cells to increase the synthesis of glucose from glycerine absorbed from the blood (Paul, 1999).These effects will cause an increase in blood glucose level and the secretion will discontinue when reaching the homeostatic level (negative feedback). Blood glucose concentration declines Blood glucose concentration declines Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration rises Pancreas stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon Pancreas stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon Pancreas stimulates beta cells to release insulin. Pancreas stimulates beta cells to release insulin. change magnitude breakdown of glycogen to glucoseIncreased breakdown of glycogen to glucose Homeostasis- normal blood glucose level Homeostasis- normal blood glucose level Increased rate of glucose transport to the cells Increased rate of glucose transport to the cells Increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids Increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids Increased rate of glucose utilization Increased rate of glucose utilization Increased breakdown of protein to amino acids Increased breakdown of protein to amino acids Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen Increased conversion of glucose to glycogenIncreased protein synthesis Increased protein synthesis Increased synthesis and release of glucose Increased synthesis and release of glucose Increased fat synthesis Increased fat synthesis Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration decline Blood glucose concentration decline Fig. 1 The homeostatic regulation of blood glucose concentration via the negative feedback loop. In relation to neg ative loop system, the glucose transporters that bind glucose are the receptors. The ? and ? cells act as the control centres, as by processing the information from the receptors they act by releasing effectors- insulin and glucagon- in order to restore the internal conditions back to their normal level (Haaland, 2001). Maintenance of glycaemic homeostasis is crucial, as glucose is the only nutrient that can be used by brain to supply it with energy required for its functioning (Guyton, Hall, 2006). Contrarily, raised glucose concentration can produce a large amount of osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid and lead to cellular dehydration.High glucose concentration will also cause loss of glucose in the urine, which can leach body of its fluids and electrolytes. Long-term increases in blood glucose may cause damage to many tissues, especially blood vessels and can lead to heart attack, stroke, blindness and renal diseases. Any disturbances in the glucose levels will be an p eculiarity of disease. For example, raised glucose levels would be present in diabetes mellitus, Cushings syndrome, liver disease and hyperthyroidism. Contrarily, decreased glucose levels are present in Addisons disease, hypoinsulinism and hypothyroidism (Paul, 1999).The most common of all aforementioned diseases is diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes bodys immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. This means that pancreas is unable to secrete insulin (Tortora, Derrickson, 2001, p. 341). People moved(p) by the disease will need external source of insulin in order to survive instance II is the most common type of diabetes. In this disease insulin secretion is not reduced, however the tissues in the body become resistant to insulin over time. Person affected by type II diabetes can control their glucose levels with the medication and the right diet.Glucose is needed for the cells to function. Pancreas has a major role in maintaining right glucose levels as it is responsible for secretion of two antagonistic hormones responsible for the glucose regulation. Negative feedback loop stimulates the pancreas to release the right hormone at the time to bring the blood glucose to its homeostatic level. Any disturbances in the secretion of aforementioned hormones can lead to many diseases and body dysfunctions. Any pancreas malfunction will automatically lead to blood glucose level disturbances. Word count 1098PLEASE TYPE YOUR REFERENCE LIST BELOW Appel, S. , Downs, Ch. , (2008) Understanding acid-base balance. Nursing. 38 (9), pp9-11. CliffsNotes antipathetic Hormones. online visible(prenominal) at http//www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-277792,articleId-277669. html (no date) (Accessed 11 Jan 2013). Disney, J. (2002) Acid-base disorders. In Marx, J. et al. Rosens Emergency Medicine Concepts of Clinical Practice. fifth ed. Oxford Elsevier. 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